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Kayo 2014

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Kayo
Was born 17 March 2013. He is a cross between Retriever, Labrador and Rottweiler; appearance is mostly as a Black Lab. Weighing 29Kg, he has newly been neutered.
Kayo

27 March 2014, Kayo was rescued/adopted 
by us from the caregivers at Homeward Bound City Pound. As we understand it, he and his sister, Dash, had been twice picked up by the pound while free; the second time the owners could not afford to recover the two dogs. At one point the pound wanted us to rescue both dogs. This would be very problematic with training as you might recognize below.
At StillwaterLake we have 200 acres, with waterfront, wharf and cabin. Doug is retired, while Gail is very busy with work—for the next ten months until she retires, finally!
Kayo is very friendly with other dogs and all people we have seen so far—it has been almost a week.
Dash at the City Pound
The first issues we encountered were when attempting to walk the dog—our last dog insisted on at least one walk a day, just after breakfast. Kayo did not seem to recognize any commands—even recognize his name! Everything Kayo saw on the walk appeared to be strange for him.
I should add that the trip from the pound to home was interesting as well. Being just myself when we adopted, the dog did not want to go in the truck. Once in, it tried to rest on my shoulders and neck! Eventually I had to tie up Kayo to the passenger seat for our safety!
So we have now described that walks and vehicles appear strange for the dog. We did notice that Kayo did not seem to be peeing or pooping at all. I had arranged a system to tie out the dog when needed. At first we thought we were missing the moment.
In our home, Kayo rapidly discovered the entire layout. We have a bit of a strange house with only an informal main floor and a more formal second floor that is not used much. We heat with wood, so the wood stove and wood storage are also on the main floor.
Kayo and Doug at the wharf
At first we let Kayo have the run of our home; then Gail noticed that he had pooped upstairs. During a general cleaning, later, I noticed at least four separate locations that Kayo had peed upstairs. It seems that Kayo always had done his business indoors! We are working on this in a gentle way but to see him outside doing his business now, it seems from his stance that he really does not look normal. For example he walks as he poops, and he squats when he pees.
Come, sit, break, down, 'Kayo', heel, all seem new to him.

2014-04-28...Kayo is doing just fine though he is a bit needy compared with our previous 14 year old we had.
A few notes on his behaviour:
                    He did not seem to understand our full length mirror in the bedroom. What was that dog doing at the window?
                    Originally Kayo did not seem to know how to play with the numerous dog toys that we have acquired. Now he loves to play with them and with us.
                    This dog loves to chew. We have had a few disasters—I lost one very nice collectable book. So we keep dog bones, chew toys and allow firewood to be available to limit our loses.
                    Food. At first Kayo did not seem to have much of an appetite. He now seems to relish everything. He has no morals about whose food is whose, and will rob food from the dining table if not guarded well. He has enough height to sniff at table height and stands on two legs easily to reach out.            Kayo does not guard food and allows us to take food and bones away from him
                    Squirrels are his enemy and he keeps an eye out for them inside and out.
                    Lakeside. Kayo was in the water before the ice went out. He fell off the wharf as we put out the floating wharf. Just loves the water and everything below the surface. Puts his head completely underwater to pick things up.
                    Walk-time. At first Kayo was unruly, pulling all the time. With a little training now he has progressed well and reacts appropriately to people and pets we meet.
                    Jumping up as a welcome back. This continues to be a problem. At about 60 pounds in a tall dog, when Kayo jumps up to greet us, it is a bit much. We are working on this.
                    Training. He has been doing very well, we believe. It is still early but we have been faithful to training every day. With lessons only once a week, we are still quite early in the process. He has been introduced to other dogs at class.
                    Cars. It seems evident that Kayo was never in a vehicle. I, Doug, am retired so I do not travel much. But I do like to walk somewhere different most days—Kayo gets a 1 hour walk in the early morning—we travel by truck for about 10 minutes. Anyhow Kayo was reluctant at first; now he just jumps in, expecting no reward. He is tethered in the back seat so I can drive.
                    Affection. Kayo loves affection being shown to him, and he loves to show affection, including jumping up, big licks and kisses. We are working on this.
                    Digging and eating anything outside. This is a minor issue. He does not seem to have had a lot of time outside in previous life!
                    As above, his habits on pee and pooh seem a little awkward—an example is that he often walks a little while in the process of pooh.
                    Boundaries. Kayo does not seem to recognize that we do not want him to go some places; upstairs, and in the kitchen are two areas that we don't want him to go. We are having problems there, even with barriers.
                    Strangers. Kayo is really not having any problems with new visitors.
                    Kennel. We have a large secure kennel area and Kayo uses this when we go out to dinner for example. He was reluctant to go to the kennel after the first time being alone. Now he is adjusting, and a treat will entice him to enter the kennel area. He barks a little while we leave but we think that he settles down as soon as we are out of sight.
                    Don't trust him. We do not trust him alone in the house or the car for anything beyond five minutes. He may want to chew anything. But probably this will not be a longstanding problem.
                    Furniture and the bed. Kayo started with expecting to be up on the couch and bed. He knows better than that now but continues to try.
Kayo at training
2014-05-25 Kayo completed his training about 10 days ago—dun grad-i-ated! He is pretty good IF we pay attention with our training aid—the Dogtra training collar. Otherwise he is about as reliable as Tibow ever was...not much. He is still a pup in many ways, especially in the morning, when he loves to jump on the bed for a cuddle with sleeping Gail. Just a word or two on dog training with the Dogta electronic collar. Ted Efthymiadis of Unleashed Potential Halifax was great at reasoning out our fears on this method of training. We each now know how much 'negative re-enforcement' is applied by the collar. With a dog that is a bit older and never trained, we deemed this an appropriate system.
Kayo loves the lake!
Looking at the list above, most seem to continue as a problem area. He now loves the car/truck. He found some squat on the wharf which he proceeded to lay down in, and promptly fell off the wharf, for his first swim ever. He was a bit panicked at first as evidenced by his front paws splashing a lot but by the time he got to shore his strokes had vastly improved. (Luckily he did not get tied up in his lease system.) Kayo still loves to chew and insists on some morning entertainment otherwise he will find something inappropriate to chew...shoes, toilet paper rolls, and the couch are his alternatives.
At the lake he is curious about everything and loves to dig.

He is improving everyday and does not show any aggression except against squirrels.

Mystery of the White Indians

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The Mystery of the White Indians
A Second Article, Giving the Scientific Explanations That Have Been Suggested to Account for This Tribe of Blond Savages in Eastern Panama[First Article]
By Richard O. Marsh
From The World's Work, April 1925, Vol. XLIX, No. 6. Digitized March 2014 by Doug Frizzle

Golden Yellow Hair and Hazel Eyes
“A canoe came toward us, and in the bow stood a naked savage with a white body, whose yellow hair, falling to his shoulders, was held in order by a gold chaplet two inches wide encircling his head at the brow. He was of medium height, but magnificently developed about the chest and arms; and he stood as erect as a king. Behind him were a girl of ten and a boy of four, and in the stern his wife wielded a steering paddle. Not one of the four gave a start when they came suddenly upon us, and the man and woman did not vary a heart-beat in the rhythm of their strokes as they plied the canoe to pass directly by us. The man eyed us with a truly regal pride and disdain, and passed us by without troubling to turn his head to see whether or not we intended to follow. His whole manner said more plainly than words: ‘I am king here; what are you doing in my domain?’ ”
In his first article, which was published in the World’s Work last month, Mr. Marsh told of the discovery of this tribe of White Indians. His present article provides a more complete account of their physical and mental peculiarities and their significance to the science of human origins.
 
WHEN I brought my three specimen White Indians to the United States, they interested many scientists in the government service at Washingtonand leading scientists elsewhere, because they led to offer a hope of solving several kinds of knotty problems.
First is the fascinating mystery of the ancient civilizations of the Western Hemisphere that disappeared under the impact with Europeans following the discovery of America by Columbus. Cortez found Mexicoflourishing under Montezuma, with a highly organized political life, well-developed arts in precious stones and metals and in architecture, a literature of historical records as advanced as that of the ancient Babylonians and Assyrians, and an astronomical science comparable with that of the ancient Egyptians. Pizarro found the Incas of Peru enjoying an equally high civilization, with the additional blessing of a science of medicine as highly developed as any in Europe and in many respects superior for the Incas had originated the use of quinine, a drug of more general value than any in the Caucasian pharmacopoeia.
Within a century after Columbus’s arrival, these great civilizations had crumbled into dust. The Spaniards destroyed the political unity of these countries, killed or dispersed the men of art and learning, and enslaved the peoples in a servitude that made education impossible. The palaces and monuments fell into decay, and in modern times it is doubtful if a score of men exist who could, if they would, decipher the hieroglyphics left by the Mayas of Central America, for example, which by their variety and quantity undoubtedly hold the key to much lost history and science.
The White Indians may include some of these surviving repositories of the wisdom of the ancients, for the traditions of most of the brown Indian tribes on both continents contain the story of a miraculous white prophet who visited their ancestors, bringing with him knowledge of the arts and sciences, and who gave their people stable and wise government and all they know about nature’s laws. Cortez found White Indians in Mexico City, worshipped as superior beings. The Incas were doubtless partly of white blood. The Mayas may have been—it seems likely from the evidence. Could my White Indians belong to one of these favored tribes?
 
NOT OF MONGOLIAN ORIGIN
THE first step toward finding out was, naturally, to study the language. Dr. John P. Harrington, ethnologist of the Smithsonian Institution, and Dr. Paul Vogenitz, translator and language expert of the Post Office Department, undertook this task. The San Blas Indian interpreter, whom I brought also, was the first medium of communication. In a few weeks, the scientists had learned the language themselves. It early appeared that the language was phenomenal, because it was utterly unlike any other Indian tongue in the Western Hemisphere. All other Indians, whatever their dialect, use an agglutinative speech that suggests their Mongolian origin. But the San Blas language—the White Indians and the San Blas use the same—is not Mongolian in structure. On the contrary, it is pure Aryan, and most closely resembles Sanskrit in its syntax.
Now Sanskrit, of course, is the mother of the Aryan tongues, including not only the Greek and Latin and their modern descendent languages such as French and Italian, but also the speech of the prehistoric tribes of northern Europe, from which the Germanic and Scandinavian languages derive. The English language, with its Saxon base and its Norman and Romance superstructure, is, therefore, doubly descended from the Sanskrit. The White Indian tongue is thus more nearly related to the speech of Topeka, Kansas, than it is to the speech of aboriginal Indians who have lived for thousands of years as their neighbors in the Panamanian jungle.

MELODIOUS, NOT GUTTURAL
THE White Indians call their language Tule. It is described by Dr. Harrington as one of the most melodious and smooth sounding tongues in the world. This quality arises chiefly from the fact that no two consonants ever come together in Tule: the words are made up of an alternating flow of consonant and vowel, so that no harsh or guttural or staccato effects mar its melodious beauty. Besides the five vowel sounds and the two semi-vowels W and Y, the language contains only eleven consonant sounds, K, T, Ch, Sh, Ts, S, L, M, N, R, and P, making an alphabet of only eighteen characters in all.
Practically all other Indian languages are guttural, or “agglutinative,” and are consequently harsh by comparison. The Polynesian languages have “choky” or throaty sounds, that make them difficult for a Caucasian to speak. But Tule offers no such difficulties. It is, indeed, probably the easiest of all languages for a Caucasian to learn. The only “tricky” thing about it is this: every sound has two forms, one short and one long. In this way, the number of sounds available for the construction of words is doubled. This device, which is similar to one employed in Finnish, likewise provides the language with sufficient flexibility to furnish the necessary number of roots and affixes to give a rich vocabulary.
The other Indian tongues, of the agglutinative type, build complex words by putting together separate roots and word-elements. The Tule tongue proceeds quite differently: it follows the habit of other analytical languages and invents a distinct new word to express each new idea or to describe each new object.
Perhaps the most curious fact about Tule is that the men and women do not pronounce the language alike. The boys are taught a masculine pronunciation of each word, whereas the girls learn what the scientists have termed a “feminine lisp” for the same word. Thus, where Olo and Chepu, the boys under examination, use the sound Ch, Margarita, the girl, uses Ts. She uses the S sound where they use the masculine Sh, and Y and L where they use K and R. They describe the chieftain as “sakla,” while Margarita calls the word “sayla.” The boys say “chapu” when they mean “white." but Margarita says “tseppi.”
But an even more astonishing development awaited the scientists as they got deeper into the language. At least 2 dozen words turned up in the White Indian vocabulary that are identical in pronunciation and meaning with words that were used by the Norsemen at the time of the Battle of Hastings. Eleventh-century Norwegian in Central America prior to Columbus! The following is a list of these and other surprising words in the San Blas language:


MEANING                 TULE                                            NORSE
IN ENGLISH             WORD                                          WORD

Work                           Arbaedi        Norwegian               Arbeide
Both                            Bogwá          "                                Baade
Yes                              Eye               Anglo-Saxon            Yea
                                    (Ayah)
Music                          Kala              Norwegian               Kole-Kalla
Foot                             Naga             Russian                     Noga
To Throw                    Mette            "                                Metats
Colored                       Parbatti         Indo-Germanic         Parbh
Sack                            Sagi              Norwegian               Saek
Tree                             Sappi            "                                Sappe
To Say                         Soge             German- Icelandic   Sagen (Saga)
Crab                            Suga             Norwegian               Suge
Boat (Hull)                  Ulu               Anglo-Saxon            Hulu

How did the Norse get into the San Blas vocabulary? These words “belong” in these Indians’ language—they are not borrowed nor out of place. They are not modern additions caused by contact with white men, for these Indians, alone all the American tribes, have been able until now to resist the invasions of outsiders and have fiercely maintained the integrity of their race and institutions. Two or three working hypotheses have been advanced to explain the phenomenon.
First of all, it may be that the White Indians are descendants of Norsemen. It is fairly certain that Norse navigators crossed the Atlantic from Icelandto Greenland, and some scientists estimate that they led a migration of as many as one hundred thousand Scandinavians, who settled on the mainland of America, perhaps as much as a thousand years before Columbus. It may ultimately be established that some of these Norse settlers migrated westward along the northern coast of Americaand became the ancestors of the Blond Eskimos discovered a few ago by Vilhjálmur Stefansson. Others may have followed the Atlantic coastline southward, founding the Mayan civilization of Yucatan (from which that of Mexico was probably derived) and, continuing across the Isthmus of Panama, gone on down the Andes and founded the Incan civilization of Peru.
Remnants of the stragglers from such a migration may be represented by the White Indians, who have lived for centuries in the mountains adjoining the Atlantic shore of the Isthmus, where they would naturally be if they had dropped out of the southward march. The affinity of their language, in syntax and vocabulary, with the Norse language, is one support to this theory. Another support is their assertion (yet to be verified by further explorations that are now in contemplation) that the untouched wilderness of inner Darien contains the ruins of extensive stone cities built by their ancestors and containing hieroglyphic records of their history. If this assertion be true (and personally l have no doubt of it), it may be that among the inhabitants of that region are White Indians who have preserved the knowledge necessary to read these inscriptions. The importance of such a discovery could hardly be overestimated, as it would rival in potential scientific value the rich Mayan remains, which still await anything like complete translation, though enough has been deciphered to assure the experts in that field that these inscriptions contain priceless records of the history and arts of early America.
There is another theory of the origin of the White Indians that holds no less fascinating possibilities before the student of mankind. This theory is that the White Indians are biological “mutations” from the original brown type with which the human race began. To make clear just what this means and how important it may be to science, it is necessary to make a very brief excursion into biology.
Scientists are now pretty well agreed that Darwin’s theory of “the survival of the fittest” describes, not nature’s means for evolving new and higher forms of life, but nature’s sieve, so to speak, to strain out, from new and higher forms, those that can stand the competitive struggle of life. Since Darwin’s day, science has discovered what is probably nature’s method of creating new forms. This method is called “mutation,” and the word describes a phenomenon, frequently observed amongst plants and occasionally in the animal kingdom, whereby an individual of a fixed species suddenly throws off descendants that are strikingly different from the parent and which thereafter “breed true” to their own new characteristics, instead of following the characteristics of their ancestors. Numerous such mutations among garden plants have been observed in the last fifty years, and their authenticity is beyond question. Once these “mutants” appear, the law of survival operates upon them, and only those new forms survive that are adapted to withstand the hardships of the life into which they have been so suddenly and unexpectedly projected.

EMERGENCE OF THE WHITE MAN
MANY scientists believe that the white race is such a mutation from the aboriginal brown species of homo sapiens. Here is where the second theory about the White Indians enters the field of scientific interest. Have we at last an opportunity to see, repeated before our own eyes, the emergence of white men as biological “sports” from a fundamental brown race, the San Blas Indians? Heretofore it has been assumed that the original mutation of this sort transpired in prehistoric times and might never be repeated. But of course what happened once could happen again—as, indeed, in botany it has been known to happen independently in quite remotely separated parts of the world, and more than twice at that. If the San Blas Indians are a segment of the brown race nearing the end of a “life cycle of a species,” it is scientifically quite tenable to believe that they may be throwing off mutated forms, and that the White Indians are the mutants.
Color is lent to this theory by the identity of language and institutions of the two tribes, and their similarity in high intellectual powers by comparison all of their neighbors. If this theory should prove to be correct, it would be of epochal importance to science, for it would demonstrate, in the instance most convincing to the human mind, the truth of evolution as a principle of universal application and of current, continuing force. Scientists, of course, have no doubt upon this point now; but the lay mind has an instinctive aversion to accepting it as applied to the human race. But if cases of its truth in this highest field can be demonstrated before our own eyes, it should convince even the Doubting Thomases.

A WHOLE RACE OF ALBINOES?
THE third theory concerning origin of the White Indians is startling, but it is by no means without great scientific value and interest. This theory holds that they are albinoes. The most striking support of this theory lies in a very curious trait that is manifested by albinoes of other races and is common to them all. This trait is a habit of rolling the eyes and is probably associated with nervous impulses set up in the body of the albino by reasons of the irritation caused to the eyes by the actinic rays which, in normally pigmented eyes, are toned down or strained out before they touch the optic nerves. The White Indians have this trait of rolling the eyes.
On the other hand, they have pigment in the retina and cornea, as most albinoes have not. Instead of the characteristic pink eyes of the usual albino, they have hazel eyes, that is to say, blue pigmentation overlaid with patches of brown. Nevertheless, Dr. James B. Davenport, who is one of the great biologists of our time, believes that the White Indians are albinoes. He finds them unique, however, in their numbers. Nowhere else, he says, has so high a percentage of a population been albino—in this case so numerous as to amount to a quasi-race. And if, as he believes, they are an albino side-line of the San Blas Indians, they indicate an extraordinarily interesting field of scientific study of that tribe itself, offering the most favorable opportunity to learn more about a phenomenon of biology that is extremely helpful to that science. Controlled study of albinism in rats and mice and rabbits has been one of the most useful instruments that science has had in working out the laws of heredity, for this characteristic lends itself to positive experimentation capable of easy mathematical analysis. Of how much greater interest and value would it be to follow the corresponding results working out among human beings in the normal course of everyday living.
A fourth explanation of the possible cause of the white color of these Indians been advanced by Major Cuthbert Christy, of England, a specialist in tropical diseases, who thinks it may arise from a pathological physiologic condition that prevents the normal processes of pigmentation from taking place within their bodies.
These four theories cover what seem to be all the possible solutions to the puzzle. Of course I make no pretensions to scientific knowledge, and would not expect my opinion to weigh with those of any of the men quoted above; but speaking purely as a layman whose only qualifications are many years of close contact with aboriginal peoples in many parts of the world, I have from the first felt strongly that the true explanation lies either in heredity from ancient whites who once settled in America, or in biological mutation of white offspring from brown parents. Whatever the final conclusion of the scientists may be, I shall feel that my work in tracing these people to their home land and bringing them to the attention of the world has been worthwhile, especially when a scientist of such distinction as Dr. Ales Hrdlicka says that “the phenomenon deserves a thorough investigation, and Mr. Marsh deserves the thanks of American and British anthropologists for having brought to their attention a subject of considerable scientific interest and importance.”
One curious misapprehension about the San Blas Indians early gained newspaper currency. Soon after I brought the three White children and the five brown San Blas to America, some of the anthropologists who examined them noticed that the children’s heads were larger and of a  different shape from those of the dark adults. The anthropologists asked the Indians a question which the Indians misunderstood, and before the misunderstanding was cleared up and the correct answer given the story appeared in the papers that the brown San Blas Indians massage their children’s heads in infancy, with the result that they are relatively dwarfed and square when grown. A statement which I then gave to the papers corrects this misapprehension. In it I said:
(1)           The difference in size and shape between the skulls of the blond Indians and those of the standard San Blas has been attributed to artificial deformation of those of the dark infants, while those of the white infants are natural. This is wholly untrue. The San Blas Indians do not massage nor in any way alter the heads of their children. The rounder, broader, and higher crania of the whites cannot be explained in that way.
(2)           The timid demeanor of the children and the behavior of their eyes when under inspection by strangers is misleading. They are not mentally deficient or abnormal in any way. On the contrary, they are unusually alert and keen, with excellent memory. They are rapidly learning English.
(3)           The blond Indians do not spring from the normal San Blas Indians but from the larger and more robust type, which occupy the hills back from the coast.
To make clearer the full force of this statement, I should perhaps repeat the exact facts about the eight Indians I brought to America. Two were White Indian boys, aged ten and fourteen years. The other White Indian was Margarita, a girl of fourteen. Two of the five brown San Blas were Margarita's father and mother. This brown mother's mother (that is, Margarita’s maternal grandmother) was a White Indian. Margarita is one of seven children of the same parents, of whom five were white and two were dark—suggesting at once to biologists that here was a typical example of Mendelian inheritance, in which the “recessive” whiteness disappeared in Margarita’s mother but reappeared in five of her children.
Margarita and her family are representatives of a type of larger frame, larger heads, and more vigorous bodies than are characteristic of the ordinary brown San Blas. I feel sure that the blond strain will be found limited to this type, which lives inland from the San Blas coast. These characteristics all relate the White Indians to the Caucasian type, and fit perfectly into the logic of the theory that they are examples of the mutation process by which the Caucasian gained his greater stature and bigger brain than his brown progenitors possessed. The larger brain is not merely a matter of physical bulk; it is the source of higher intellectual powers as well.
The superior intelligence of these Indians over their neighbors, their more complex and flexible language, their fuller vocabulary, their more humane social customs, their unique and very interesting music, their strict moral code, their well-developed system of law, and their highly organized structure of government, which is both feudal, federal, and constitutional, all evidence their exceptional intellectual capacity. These advanced powers and achievements are characteristic of the evolutionary progress of man.
If scientists finally agree that the White Indians are true examples of the process of mutation, we shall be able not only to see that biological evolution at work, but also to study the origins of our own civilization in the lives of people of our own day.
° ° °
As this article goes to press, an interesting cable has come from Mr. Marsh, who is now in Darien on his second expedition. His cable is dated at Colon, and says in part: “Dr. Harris now on San Blas coast, going into interior with us. Has already studied many White Indians. Harris says positively not albinoes. Offers two theories: first, most probable, Darien Indians formerly extensively mixed with unknown prehistoric white race; second, Darien Indians abnormally susceptible to frequent mutation from brown to white.” As Dr. Reginald Harris, referred to in this cable, is the director of the Long Island Biological Association at Cold Spring Harbor, New York, and a biologist of high repute, his opinion is an interesting and important contribution to the discussion of the origin of the White Indians.

Text from the illustrations:
ARTS OF THE SAN BLAS INDIANS The woman is mending a fish trap and the man at the water’s edge is working on his nets.
ORIGINS OF THE WHITE INDIANS From such mothers as these brown San Blas Indians the larger, White Indians may be derived. The possibleexplanations are discussed in the accompanying text.
A SAN BLAS VILLAGE The warlike inhabitants of the coast have been able to defend it against inroads by outsiders, and have provided a screen for the White Indians who live in the interior and were unknown till the Marsh expedition succeeded in placating the brown tribes.
SAN BLAS MOTHER AND CHILD
OLD AND NEW STYLES The girl at the right is clad in the conservative native costume of the San Blas women. The other girl wears the skirt that has come in with modern contacts with the world. The blouses are of native weave, while the skirt is made of cloth bought from the traders. The leg and arm bands and the arm rings are purely feminine adornments.
GEOMETRY IN VILLAGE PLANNING Both the San Blas and the White Indians lay out their villages upon a geometrical plan, evidencing a higher intelligence and civilization than other Indians, who build casually according to “the lay of the land.”
ALL STAGES OF SAN BLAS DRESS The woman’s skirt and the men’s hats and shirts are modern innovations. The traditional custom of San Blas attire is expressed in the old nursery rhyme, “Shoe the horse and shoe the mare, and let the little colt go bare.”
A "COMMUNITY HOUSE” IN DARIENThese tribal meeting places are frequently built on hillsides in tiers, so that at a distance they give the effect of a three-story building.
PART OF THE SAN BLAS “NAVY” These very heavy but seaworthy canoes are hollowed out of single logs, and are perfectly adapted to navigation among the islands and keys of the San Blas Coast.
FEMININE FINERY The blouses worn by these San Blas girls are of ancient origin and of great scientific interest. Though the patterns are symmetrical in mass, close scrutiny reveals that they are in no two places alike in detail. They are hieroglyphics whose origin and meaning have been forgotten, though some archaeologists believe they are nursery legends like our own “Mother Goose".
A PARADISE FOR CHILDREN This old San Blas chieftain refused to pose for his photograph until his grandchildren could be summoned to stand beside him. Mr. Marsh declares he never saw a child or a woman on the San Blas Coast who did not look happy.
A "STILL" OF A "MOVIE" OPERATOR  Mr. Charles Charlton, in a San Blas shelter. He made the motion pictures of the life of the brown and white Indians of the Darienregion of Panama.
THE SAN BLAS COAST  The mountains coming down to the sea, the numerous islands, and the heavy tropical growth have all fostered the Indians’ ambition to keep strangers out of their sanctuary.

A number of people have asked for these two Richard Marsh stories on the Blond (or White) Indians, so I have now collected them both for the blog.
I believe that in the final analysis these people do have a form of albinism similar two piebald deer—I could be wrong. Certainly from Richard Marsh's writing we can see why there was a lot of excitement at that time. His book is prohibitively expensive now.
Verrill was familiar with the White Kuna as he wrote in 'Hunting the White Indians' in 1925.


Blue Pete Book Series

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Blue Pete
by Luke Allan
 
Books in the Blue Pete series

            #1 Blue Pete: Half Breed (1921)

            #2 The Return of Blue Pete (1922)

            #3 Blue Pete: Detective (1928)

            #4 Blue Pete (1938)

            #5 The Vengeance of Blue Pete (1939)

            #6 Blue Pete: Rebel (1940)

            #7 Blue Pete Pays a Debt (1942)

            #8 Blue Pete Breaks the Rules (1943)

            #9 Blue Pete: Outlaw (1944)

            #10 Blue Pete's Dilemma (1945)

            #11 Blue Pete to the Rescue (1947)

            #12 Blue Pete's Vendetta (1947)

            #13 Blue Pete and the Pinto (1948)

            #14 Blue Pete Works Alone (1948)

            #15 Blue Pete, Unofficially (1949)

            #16 Blue Pete: Indian Scout (1950)

            #17 Blue Pete At Bay (1951)

            #18 Blue Pete and the Kid (1953)

            #19 Blue Pete Rides the Foothills (1953)


            #20 Blue Pete in the Badlands (1954)

Lacey Amy

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W(illiam) Lacey Amy, 1877-1962

Luke Allan, really, William Lacey Amy, born in England in 1877 and died in Medicine Hat, Alberta, in 1962, is a journalist and author British popular novels.

Biography
Born in England, he lived much of his life in Canada. A journalist by training, he joined in that capacity, Medicine Hat Times, before becoming the editor and owner.
In addition to his professional activities, he adopts the pseudonym Luke Allan to publish many works of popular literature. He is best known for the series that takes both the Western novel and the detective novel and Blue Pete's hero, an officer of the Royal Canadian Mounted Police whose exploits take place in the Canadian Prairies.
Between 1930 and 1938, Luke Allan published seven whodunits located in England where Gordon Muldrew police investigation London. He also gave more than a dozen popular novels without recurring hero.

Work

Novels
Series
Blue Pete
·                                 Blue Pete: Half Breed (1921)
·                                 The Return of Blue Pete (1922)
·                                 Blue Pete: Detective (1928)
·                                 Blue Pete (1938)
·                                 The Vengeance of Blue Pete (1939)
·                                 Blue Pete Rebel (1940)
·                                 Pete has Blue Country Debt (1942)
·                                 Blue Pete Breaks the Rules (1943)
·                                 Blue Pete: Outlaw (1944)
·                                 Blue Pete's Dilemma (1945)
·                                 Blue Pete to the Rescue (1947)
·                                 Blue Pete's Vendetta (1947)
·                                 Pinto Pete and the Blue (1948)
·                                 Blue Pete Works Alone (1948)
·                                 Blue Pete Unofficially (1949)
·                                 Blue Pete: Indian Scout (1950)
·                                 Blue Pete at Bay (1951)
·                                 Blue Pete years the Kid (1953)
·                                 Blue Pete Rides the Foothills (1953)
·                                 Blue Pete in the Badlands (1954)



Series Gordon Muldrew
·                                 Stanger The Mask (1930) The Masked Stranger???
·                                 Murder at Midnight (1930)
·                                 The Jungle Crime (1931), By Luke Allan, 1 edition published in 1931 in English and held by 1 library worldwide
·                                 The Fourth Dagger (1932)
·                                 Murder at the Club (1933)
·                                 Behind the Wire Fence (1935)
Published in French under the title The Deserted house , Paris, Librairie des Champs-Élysées, 301, 1940
·                                 Looked Beyond the Door (1938)
Other novels
·                                 The Lone Trail (1922)
·                                 The Beast (1924)
·                                 The Westerner (1924) 1 edition published in 1924 in English and held by 2 libraries worldwide
·                                 The Pace (1926)
·                                 The White Camel (1926)
·                                 The Sire (1927) by Luke Allan, 1 edition published in 1927 in English and held by 2 libraries worldwide
·                                 The End of the Trail (1931) 1 edition published in 1931 in English and held by 1 library worldwide
·                                 The Dark Spot (1932)
·                                 The Many-Coloured Thread (1932) 1 edition published in 1932 in English and held by 4 libraries worldwide
·                                 The Traitor (1933) 1 edition published in 1933 in English and held by 1 library worldwide
·                                 Five for One (1934)
·                                 Scotland Yard Takes a Holiday (1934) 1 edition published in 1934 in English and held by 5 libraries worldwide
·                                 The Black Opal (1935)
·                                 The Case of the Open Drawer (1936)
Published in French under the title The open drawer , Paris, Librairie des Champs-Élysées, 272, 1939
·                                 The Ghost Murder (1937)
·                                 The Man on the Twenty-Fourth Floor (1937) 1 edition published in 1937 in English and held by 3 libraries worldwide
·                                 The Tenderfoot (1939)


The Blue Wolf : a Tale of the Cypress Hills, by W. Lacey Amy

Boy's Museum -Part 5 cont & 6, Plants and Marine Animals

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A Boy’s Museum -Part V. (Continued) and Part VI
Plants, Flowers and Fruits and Marine Animals
Popular Science Department
A DEPARTMENT OF INTEREST T0 YOUNG AND OLD
From American Boy magazine, July 1910; digitized by Doug Frizzle June 2014

The plant and flower collections may be made quite interesting and attractive and as they are easy to preserve and prepare they will doubtless form a large portion of your exhibits. Flowers and plants may be simply pressed between pages of a book, or between cardboard or paper under a heavy weight and later, when thoroughly dry, may be pasted or otherwise fastened to stiff card mounts. A better way, however, is to press the flowers as soon as collected, in a regular flower-press, which consists of sheets of tough blotting or drying paper held in a case of some sort so arranged as to hold the paper and plants tightly in place and yet be easy to carry. There are numerous makes and patterns of these and as they are inexpensive it is better to purchase one than to trust to merely pressing at home, if the flower collection is to form a large portion of your museum exhibits. Many plants and flowers fade after being pressed and dried. If dipped in weak formaline when fresh, this will be in great measure prevented, but recent experiments also show that if the flowers are dried by a high temperature—usually by placing in a dish of hot sand,—the colors remain permanent. Pressed flowers are rather unsatisfactory, as far as the flowers themselves are concerned, and a drawing or colored photograph of the flower, exhibited with the pressed specimen, makes an attractive display. In selecting specimens to press, try and secure those that bear leaves, buds, and blossoms and if possible seed-pods also and whenever you can do so, secure the roots attached to the plant (Fig. 7). All should be pressed together, as this gives a better idea of the entire plant than the different parts preserved separately.
Fruits may be made into an attractive and instructive museum exhibit, and although at first it seems superfluous to show common fruits, yet in reality they are most interesting and may be made to illustrate the variation and development of common fruits. Moreover you will occasionally find prizewinning, or freak, fruits which it is desirable to preserve, and last but by no means least, you may earn quite a little money by making fruit specimens for ornament or for fruit growers who win prizes for their products and wish to preserve them or send them to friends. As it is next to impossible to preserve the real fruit in a natural condition, the best method is to make a wax imitation. This sounds hard, but is in reality very easy and simple. First make a plaster of paris cast exactly as described in my article on the Frog and Fish collections in the April issue. When thoroughly hard remove the fruit from mould and tie the latter firmly together by wrapping with thread or string (before doing this a small opening should be left in one side, where the two halves of mold join which may be cut in with a knife after mold is dry or may be made by placing a roll of clay on one-half of mould when other half is cast in plaster). Now mix up equal portions of beeswax, hard paraffine and a little Japanese wax, bayberry wax or spermaceti. Melt this until thoroughly liquid and then pour into the mould through the opening. When mould is about three-quarters full, stop the hole with a bit of damp clay or cotton and turn the mould about in every direction, over and over and round and round until the wax left in the receptacle in which it was melted has begun to harden. As soon as this is hard you may be sure the wax in the mold is also hard. Now drop the entire mould into cold water and leave it an hour or so. Remove from water, cut the thread or string and work gently at the two halves of mould until they commence to separate. As soon as this happens you must work with great care until one-half of the mould comes off. Then dip the other half containing the wax cast in water and work at it carefully until the wax comes out of the mould and you have a perfect wax duplicate of the fruit that only requires a little trimming and coloring to be so much like the original that even the owner could not distinguish between them. Where the two halves of mould came together and where wax was poured in, there will be “fins” of projecting wax. These should be trimmed off carefully with a sharp knife and any tiny air holes or cracks may be easily filled by heating a small knife blade, dipping up a little wax and moulding it on to the spot required. To color these wax fruits you can use plain oil colors, powder color mixed with turpentine, or better still, you can add powder color to the melted wax and then touch up the finished fruit with any other color required. These wax fruits are hollow and very light and break easily, and the object in turning them about when casting is to insure an even thickness of wax on all sides. You may have one or two failures at first; often the mould will be too damp and wax will cool in layers or streaks; you may stop turning it too soon and wax will all run to one side; you may place in water too soon and cause wax to shrink in on one side, or worst of all your mould may be too dry and the wax may soak into the plaster until you cannot by any possibility separate the two halves of mould. In this case you must make a new mould, but it seldom occurs and if mould is always soaked in water before pouring the wax, and then the superfluous water dried out, you will have no trouble. After a few trials you will get the knack of the work and will be more than pleased at the delicate and accurate wax fruits you turn out and will be constantly on the lookout for new fruits to conquer.

Part VI.—Marine Animals.
To the boy living on or near the seashore during the summer months the creatures that live in the water, on the beaches, or among the stones of the shore, will prove by far the most interesting and largest branch of the collection. The immense number and variety of marine animals is appalling to the beginner, but their ways are so remarkable, their habits so strange and their forms and structure so different from any land animals that once we begin to collect and study them we become enthusiastic in the pursuit. Moreover nearly all marine creatures are easy to collect and prepare, and as few people are familiar with even the commonest species, the collection of marine animals always proves attractive and full of interest.
So many branches of the animal kingdom are represented in marine life and the number of species of each division is so great that in a short time the boy museum builder may divide his marine collections into several separate exhibits such as marine shells, crustaceans, annelids (marine worms), echinoderms (starfish, etc.), fish, sea anemones, etc. The localities where each occurs, the method of obtaining them and their preparation and preservation, vary so greatly that each group must be taken separately and its preparation and collection described in detail.
In the first place marine animal collecting may be divided into—
1st.Shorecollecting between high and low tide.
2nd. Collecting below low-water mark.
3rd. Collecting animals at the surface of the water.
4th. Collecting animals at the bottom of the water.
Of these the easiest to collect and the most commonly seen and known are the creatures found between tides on the shores. Here we find a great variety of shells, snails, worms, crabs, shrimps, star fish, sea anemones, etc., and for collecting these the apparatus required is very simple and inexpensive. A few wide-mouthed bottles, a basket or pail in which to carry them in an upright position, a trowel or old knife, a pair of forceps, a dip net and a short bar of iron are all that are needed. Wear old clothes and shoes and start forth on some day when the tide will be very low. Before the tide goes out you may secure a number of good specimens among the flotsam and jetsam cast up on the beach, but you will find that few of these washed up and dead objects are really good specimens. In these places, however, you may usually find the egg-cases of shells (Fig. 1) of skates (Fig. 2) and also many good specimens of small shells and occasionally a well preserved crab or even a horsefish (Fig. 3), also known as the king crab or horse-shoe crab. Among the half decayed sea-weed and trash you will also find many little crustaceans or “sand-hoppers.” The dead and dried things should be placed in boxes or baskets while the living creatures should be dropped into bottles of fresh sea water. As the tide falls you should look along the waters’ edge and search carefully for any living creature that may be running about at the edge of the waves. On a muddy or sandy shore many things may be found by digging in the wet shore, for a great proportion of marine animals live buried in the sand or mud. Many of these betray their presence by little piles of sand, holes, or tiny tubes projecting up above the surface. These creatures are very quick and retreat into the lowest portion of their burrows at the least sign of danger, and in order to secure them one must dig quickly by one strong stroke of a spade, shovel or trowel. A great many underground inhabitants, however, show no sign of their presence whatever, and the best way to get these is to dig up moist sand and mud and sift it through a wire sieve in the water. You will be surprised to find what a lot of queer and beautifully colored marine worms, shells, crustaceans, etc., you will find by this method. If there are any rocky shores near by you will find a rich collecting ground under stones and in the little pools of water left by the receding tide. In such places you will find starfishes crawling over the rocks in the pools or clinging to the under side of stones; hermit crabs (Fig. 4) run about carrying their shell houses on their backs; rock crabs and “fiddlers” scuttle under projecting rocks or into crevices and little groups of delicately tinted sea anemones (Fig. 5) wave their tentacles in the calm water of the tide pools. Among old piles and wharves is also a fine place to collect and by paddling about in a small boat and examining the posts and spiles left bare by the falling tide, you will find a great variety of marine creatures that never occur elsewhere.

After you have collected the creatures found between tides you may turn your attention to those animals found just below low-water mark. To get these you must wade about, pry among stones and sea-weeds, dig into the sand and in fact poke into every crack, crevice and hiding place you find. Among the things living below low-water mark are various interesting crustaceans such as lobsters, swimming crabs (Fig. 6), spider crabs (Fig. 7), mud crabs, a great variety of sea shells, worms, starfish, serpent-stars (Fig. 8), sea anemones and even the native coral (Fig. 9). Here, too, you will find sand-dollars (Fig. 10) and sea-urchins (Fig. 11), which belong to the echinoderm group with the starfishes, although they appear so different. If you rub off the spines on a sea-urchin or sand-dollar, however, you will see the star-shaped pattern on the top of the disk which corresponds to the rays or arms of the starfish. Here, also, you will find numerous sponges such as the common scarlet sponge (Fig. 12), the finger sponge (Fig. 13), and many other species. After collecting a lot of specimens they should be assorted and placed in open dishes filled with fresh sea water and here you may keep them for a time alive to watch and study their habits and odd ways. You will notice that the corals, when undisturbed, project out from the stony matter which we usually consider coral and wave tiny tentacles about in the water and then appear much like their relatives the sea-anemones. You may also watch the starfish crawl about by the suckers on the lower side of their arms, his cousins the sea-urchins and sand-dollars doing the same; while the ever lively and friendly hermit-crabs scuttle about here, there and everywhere. If you have collected a few barnacles you will be greatly interested in watching them as they work their cilliated organs out and in their little shells breathing fresh water and gathering in food at each stroke. These barnacles are very wonderful little fellows and although they bear little resemblance to crabs or shrimp they are in reality true crustaceans and in their young state swim about freely in the water.
To preserve your shore animal specimens the best method is to drop them one and all into a solution of formaline or alcohol for the present and then later on, such things as crabs, shrimp, starfish and other hard-shelled creatures may be removed, pinned out in natural attitudes and dried. A good way to kill and preserve the starfish, so that they remain plump and smooth, is to place them while still alive in a basin of fresh (not salt) water for a few hours. Then soak for several days in formaline and pin out on a flat board. They should then be partly dried in a shady dry spot and when nearly dry should be placed in a moderately hot oven until they are dry and hard. Soft bodied creatures must be kept preserved in alcohol or formaline and some things always contract and look like a mere shapeless lump if thus treated. Among these are the sea anemones and corals. To prevent this you should make a strong solution of chloride or sulphate of magnesia and while the specimens are fully expanded add this little by little to their dish of water until they cease to contract when touched. They may then be dropped into your preserving liquid without fear of their contracting out of shape.
While the beach animals are the easiest to collect and are found among the sand and stones of the shore, another group of marine creatures are always swimming or floating on the surface of the sea and must be collected with nets. The best sort of net to use in collecting these animals is a fine dip-net made of cheese cloth. Two of these nets should be on hand, one fastened to a handle and the other fastened to a rope (Fig. 14), so arranged that it may be dragged behind a sail or motor boat, or even a row boat.
The number of animals living on the surface of the water is very great for, although you would never suspect it, the water fairly teems with little creatures which are quite invisible from above, but which are easily seen when placed in a jar or aquarium. It is the great multitude of such tiny creatures that cause the phosphorescence of the water at night, for the majority of these animals give out a faint glow at night. The largest number of surface animals are found at night in calm warm weather and this is by far the best time to collect them. After skimming the surface of the water with your dip-net, or towing the surface net over the water for a time, the net should be emptied into a clean dish of water. There may be a number of fairly large things in the catch, such as jelly-fish (Fig. 15), small fish or even swimming-crabs, but more probably you will see apparently few living objects. The dish of water should be placed on a black surface and a strong light turned on it. Very soon you will find numerous tiny creatures swimming rapidly about. Some of these will gather in masses near the light, while others will sink to the bottom or gather around the edges of the dish. The most numerous and lively creatures will probably be small crustaceans or shrimp. Some of these are very beautiful and give off a bright phosphorescent glow at night. Other odd creatures looking like Fig. 16 will also attract attention, and although you would never guess it these are really young crabs. Young oysters (Fig. 17), and young barnacles (Fig. 18), will also be in most catches of surface animals and these are most interesting creatures to watch and study. To observe and assort these little beings to the best advantage a lens should be used and by placing a watch crystal filled with the water under a low-powered microscope you may amuse yourself by the hour watching the wonderful little creatures whose existence you would never suspect otherwise. Among these are young starfishes (Fig. 19) and young sea-urchins, with a host of other tiny animals no whit less interesting and instructive but which it is impossible to describe in detail in this article. While most of these little surface inhabitants are too small and fragile to preserve for your museum, you will occasionally secure larger and equally interesting animals. Commonest of these are the jelly-fishes already mentioned. Most of these are very difficult to preserve, but some of them make very good specimens and the only way to determine which may be preserved and which not is to try them all and throw away those that go to pieces or contract too much. Other good sized surface animals are the squids or cuttle fishes (Fig. 20). These are quite common at certain seasons and are caught by the fishermen in large numbers for bait. They are very easy to preserve, but in order to show them to the best advantage they should be fastened to a thin board or piece of celluloid as soon as killed and then kept in formaline or alcohol until thoroughly firm. They may then be placed in a jar, mount and all.
Interesting as you will find shore and surface collecting, if you will start dredging for bottom animals you will find it the most fascinating of all. Here you are working on ground never seen by man and with every haul of the dredge you are likely to find some creature never before known to science and are sure to obtain a great number of animals quite new to you and valuable for your collection. The instruments used in this work are easily made and inexpensive and consist of a rectangular dredge (Fig. 21), a trawl (Fig. 22), and tangles (Fig. 23).
The frame of the dredge can be made by any blacksmith and for boys’ use it may be made of light iron 14-inch thick. The scrapers (A A) should not flare too much, for if they do it will be likely to catch on rocks and other objects, besides digging up a lot of useless mud and dirt. The net (B B) is fastened to the frame by tarred rope or copper wire and outside of the net an open bag of canvas is placed to protect the dredge-net from tearing (X). An old fish net may be made over for a dredge, but if possible it is better to get a good new net. These dredge nets are not expensive and may be bought of almost any dealer in nets and Ashing tackle. It is a good plan to have the lower end of the net left open and merely tied together with rope, as this saves the trouble of turning inside out at each haul. The rope should be fastened to the dredge, as shown in the figure, as by this arrangement the small line (C C) breaks if the dredge catches on a rock or other object, and the dredge thus swinging end on, allows it to pull off the obstruction. A short distance from the dredge a weight should be attached to the main rope to keep the stretch of the latter from lifting the mouth of dredge from the bottom. The trawl (Fig. 22) consists of an iron frame (F), an iron or strong wooden beam (E), and a net with one edge weighted with lead (G). The tangle (Fig. 23) can be made by any boy and consists of bunches of twine or raveled rope fastened to pieces of chains so it may be dragged over the bottom by a rope fastened to the bar (B). The dredge should be used on muddy or sandy bottoms; the trawl on mud, sand, or mixed bottoms, and the tangles anywhere, but preferably on rocky or rough bottoms where a dredge or trawl cannot be used.
To dredge from a row boat or launch is very easy, as it is only necessary to throw over the dredge, trawl or tangle and then row or run the boat slowly ahead until you think it time to see what you have caught.
In dredging from a sail boat care should be taken and the work should not be undertaken unless two persons thoroughly familiar with handling sailing boats are together. If the current is strong the dredge or trawl may be fastened to the bows and the boat allowed to drift slowly, exactly as though she were dragging her anchor, or, if the current is not strong enough to move the dredge, a line may be fastened to the dredge rope from the stern so the boat will swing broadside to the current. If there is no strong current to work for you it is best to tow the dredge behind as slowly as the wind will permit, and for this reason a sail should be reefed close down when dredging even in light winds. The most favorable position for dredging when sailing is shown in Fig. 24, in which the arrow shows direction of wind, A the boat, and B the dredge rope. In this position the boat may be luffed up slightly to keep her moving slowly, while if the dredge sticks or hangs back, the boat may be quickly brought into the wind.

You will find it lots of fun watching the oyster dredges come up and among the oysters you will find large numbers of other shells, lots of crabs, sea anemones, worms, crustaceans and other animals, while star-fishes,—the oysters’ worst enemy,—are everywhere.

How to Operate and Handle a Motor Boat

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How to Operate and Handle a Motor Boat
By A. Hyatt Verrill
From The American Boy magazine, July 1910. Digitized by Doug Frizzle, June 2014.

NOWADAYS small power boats are so cheap, so reliable and so simple that many boys and even girls, own and operate their own boats very successfully. But even though the makers’ boast “That a child can run one” may be literally true, yet do not think that because you can “run” your motor that this is all that is necessary or advisable to know. As long as the motor goes well and nothing unexpected happens, the boat will almost run itself, but gasoline motors have a peculiar habit of stopping now and then and balking like a fractious horse with apparently as little reason. At such times the boy that can merely “run” his boat is in a bad fix for unless one knows what the trouble is and how to remedy it, he must call on some other boat to tow him home or depend on his oars and must then go to quite a little trouble and expense to hire some “trouble man” to put his motor in order again. In this little article I shall try to tell you what to do and what is of more importance perhaps, what NOT to do, to operate, care for and handle a power boat intelligently, safely and in a way to get the greatest pleasure and service from your craft with the least trouble and expense.
In the first place always bear in mind that a gasoline engine must have gasoline, proper lubrication, good electrical equipment and proper water circulation in order to run. If your engine has been properly installed and tested any failure in its operation will be due to one of these primary necessities failing, unless something is broken, bent or injured. Nine-tenths of motor troubles are due to electrical faults while the other tenth are usually due to gasoline trouble. Old batteries, broken or worn wires, poor connections, wet or dampness on batteries or spark coil, carbon on spark plug or electrodes and in fact a great number of other little things will stop an engine and cause it to absolutely refuse to work until the proper repair or adjustment is made. And right here let me advise you to always bear in mind that the little things are what count with a gas engine. If your engine has been running smoothly and suddenly stops, or begins to miss explosions and gradually slows down and stops, first look over all your wiring and batteries. Every power boat owner should be equipped with an “Ammeter” a little watch-like instrument for testing batteries. Fig. 1. These Ammeters cost only a couple of dollars and will save you many times that amount in batteries, time and worry. If your wires are all whole, in good condition and the connections at batteries, switch and engine, clean and tight, look to your batteries. Disconnect the wire from spark electrode (on make and break engine) turn on the switch and rub the end of the wire against some part of the cylinder. If a bright spark appears you may be sure that your batteries are not at fault. Turn over your fly wheel (with wire still disconnected) until in the firing position and then rub your free wire against the electrode end. If a spark still shows the trouble is other than electrical. If a spark fails to appear it is a certain sign that your firing points are either dirty, worn or improperly adjusted. Take out the electrodes from cylinder and clean them thoroughly with gasoline and if they move stiffly lubricate with a little kerosene. Now try the spark again and nine times out of ten you will find it sparks all right and as soon as wires are connected your motor will run along smoothly again. Much of such trouble can be avoided by proper and not excessive lubrication.
In the case of your engine being of the jump-spark system you should proceed differently. Remove spark plug, lay it on the cylinder or some other portion of the engine, with wires connected, turn on your switch and turn wheel over until the vibrator on coil buzzes. If your batteries and wiring are in order a bright blue spark will run between the two electrodes on spark plug end. If they do not appear, turn off switch, connect a new plug to wire and try again. If on this trial you do not get a spark your wires are short-circuited somewhere and you must find the spot by going over the wires inch by inch and trying all connections. Also test your batteries and discard any that register lower than ten amperes and place new ones in their places. The vibrator on coil should buzz clearly, steadily, and with a high-pitched tone but unless it works unevenly, or refuses to buzz, you had best not try to adjust it yourself as vibrator coils are delicate instruments and a slight mistake in adjustment may ruin them beyond repair. If you find your sparking apparatus in first class shape and your motor still refuses to work, look to the carburetor or vaporizer for trouble (of course I take it for granted that you will be sure that there is gasoline in the tank) for the cheap vaporizers furnished with many motors are sources of constant trouble and you cannot spend a few dollars to better advantage than by investing in a really good carburetor of the float-feed type Fig. 2, and having it properly installed and adjusted. If the motor refuses to make even one revolution open the drain cock at base of cylinder and turn the wheel over. If gasoline issues from the cock it shows your engine-base is flooded and probably after working the excess out by turning the wheel while the cock is open, your motor will start. As soon as it does so, turn oft your gasoline supply, or needle valve, Fig. 3-A until the motor begins to miss explosions, or back explosions occur. Then turn on the valve slowly until the engine runs smoothly. Flooding will seldom bother you if provided with a carburetor but will happen right along if you depend on a vaporizer. Fig. 3. Sometimes your motor will stop from too little gasoline but this usually is shown by back explosions,—a bumpy sort of sound accompanied with puffs of blue smoke issuing from engine base joints and carburetor. In this case open the gasoline supply, Fig. 2-A, a little more, or turn off the air supply Fig. 2-B-B slightly, until the back-firing ceases. After once adjusting your carburetor so that engine runs smoothly never change it until you have made sure that any trouble is not elsewhere. Sometimes, too, an engine will stop suddenly without apparent reason and even when batteries, coil, and spark are all right and base is not flooded, it will refuse to budge. This may be due to dirt or water in the gasoline. Take the pipe off at carburetor, Fig. 2-C, or remove the cap on top, Fig. 2-D, and let a little gasoline flow through. As soon as the gasoline is clear try your engine again. If your carburetor supply-pipe is provided with a settling chamber this trouble will seldom occur and if you have a float-feed carburetor you can avoid water troubles by draining off a little gasoline from the bottom of carburetor, Fig. 2-E every morning before using your boat. The best way to avoid all trouble of this sort however is to carefully strain your gaso­line through chamois skin when putting it in the tank and by keeping the tank well covered and protected from rain and spray. If your motor gets hot, pounds and stops, or begins to slow down, stop it at once and look after your water cooling system. A water cooled motor—and most motor boats have this type—must have a steady circulation of water through the water-jacket on cylinder. If your engine uses a rotary pump you will seldom have trouble but if a plunger pump is used you will often find that a bit of dirt or weed has caught in one of the check-valves of the water pipe and thus stopped the circulation. To ascertain if this is the trou­ble loosen the cap to the check valves, Figs. 4 and 5 A, A, one at a time, in the pipe either side of pump and see if they are clean. Then try the engine for a few revolutions, and if wa­ter is circulating properly the pipe next to cylinder will feel cold and you can also open the water-jacket drain cock on cylinder to see if water is filling the jacket. Still another way is to loosen the cap on the check-valve nearest the cylinder and if pump is working well the water will spurt out from around the loose cap. As soon as this happens tighten up the cap again. Sometimes your pump may need tighten­ing of the packing around the plunger and if the water fails to circulate after valves are clean, try tightening up the packing-collar a little. Fig 5-B. A great source of trouble in pumps comes from the all-too-common habit of using the pump for a bilge pump at times. This should never be done for even if a strainer is provided so fine as to prevent anything passing through the pump that will clog the valves, yet the fine grit and mud will in time wear out the check-valves as well as clog the water-jacket.
If your engine turns over very hard, open the relief valve on cylinder-head and if it still turns hard you can be sure that your lubrication needs looking into or that something is bent or out of line. Too much lubrication is almost as bad as too little and the common practice of allow­ing your oil cups to run a perfect stream for a time and then shutting them off altogether, cannot be too strongly con­demned. Adjust the oilers until the oil drops evenly and steadily from six to fif­teen drops a minute, keep them filled and keep them open as long as engine is run­ning. The compression grease cups on shaft should be kept filled also and should be turned tight now and then. Do not waste time and strength in cranking an engine; unless something is radically wrong it will fire on two turns as well as on twenty and to keep on turning it over is likely to result in flooding the base with unburned gasoline. If after proper oiling it still turns hard, disconnect the engine shaft from propeller shaft and try it: a properly adjusted and properly oiled motor (up to ten horse power) when free of shaft and load and with compression relief open, should turn easily with thumb and finger of one hand; if it takes more than this amount of muscular effort something is wrong in adjustment or lubrication. Sometimes the cylinder,—especially if the engine has been overheated,—will become dry and the piston will stick. In this case remove cylinder head and pour in a good lot of kerosene. After this has stood some time, wipe out and pour in oil. Then turn engine over a few times, put head in place and try running it. It is not always necessary to take off the head as many engines are provided with a relief and priming cock on cylinder head and oil and kerosene may be poured through this. In the case of a jump-spark motor the plug may be removed and oil poured through the hole. Sometimes an engine will be hard to start, especially in cold weather. If it fails to start on one or two turns it should be primed by injecting a little gasoline through the relief or priming cup. This will usually start the motor but if it gives one or two explosions and then stops, the trouble is in the gasoline supply or carburetor. Always keep all joints and nuts tight and free from wiggling and wipe all grease and oil from your engine after running it. A good engineer can always be told by the condition of his motor or engine and if not neglected a motor can be kept as free from dirt and grease as a sewing machine or typewriter. Learn to know the sounds your engine makes when running smoothly and you will soon find that you are able to detect the least trouble long before the motor stops. Have your batteries and wires where you can reach them quickly, and easily but see that they are thoroughly protected from the weather. A watertight box holding the batteries, coil, etc., placed on a thwart near the engine is very handy and is far better than having them thrown into a drawer or locker under a seat. Fig. 6-B. In very bad, rainy weather or when not in use for some time, the whole box can be taken out and placed indoors thus rendering your boat thief-proof and protecting the electrical equipment at the same time. If you have a jump-spark engine it is wise to provide some sort of protector for the plug, Fig. 6-P, most spark-plugs will short-circuit if wet with rain or spray and cause a lot of trouble. The “Reliance” plug will spark under water but when hot from the engine and then wet by spray, the steam will cause short-circuiting even in this plug. There are numerous inexpensive protectors on the market but even an old cap or a piece of rubber cloth thrown over the plug will help a great deal. Short-circuiting at the plug is easily detected by a crackling sound and blue streaks of sparks running across the plug itself. In case this occurs turn off the switch, wipe the plug dry and smear with thick grease. Have a good kit of tools handy at all times; there should be a hammer, screwdriver, a pair of pliers, a monkey wrench, pipe wrench (Stilson) and an “S” or Westcott wrench. Cotton waste, oil, grease, kerosene, and extra gasoline should always be stored in some convenient locker or box. Fig. 6 (T). Make a point of keeping your brass work polished or at least oiled and clean and free from horrid, green verdigris. Nothing looks worse than neglected brass work and a few moments spent cleaning it is more than repaid by appearances and the saving of corrosion. If you cannot keep it bright and clean, it is better by far to paint it with a good enamel paint.
A few extra screws, nuts, bolts, nails and some electric wire should always be on hand and in case of a jump-spark motor an extra plug should always be carried, as a plug is liable to give out at any time and although usually they can be repaired it saves time and lessens danger to change to a new plug and fix the old one at your leisure. Keep your engine covered with canvas or oil cloth when not in use and cultivate a pride in the appearance of your motor as much as in your boat. I have seen many a finely-finished and “yachty” boat in which the engine was neglected, rusty, dirty and covered with old grease and dirt. Such conditions are inexcusable and point to either slovenly habits in other matters or else to ignorance on the owner’s part as to the requirements of a motor. No piece of machinery can be depended upon if neglected and a gasoline motor, although so strong and simple, is in reality a beautiful and delicate piece of machinery. Such an abused engine may, and at times does, run remarkably well but you may be sure that it would run a hundred per cent better if properly cared for. I cannot tell you everything about a motor or a motor boat in an article like this but I hope that with the above hints you will find many of your troubles ended, but before closing I must give you a list of don’ts which every boy using a boat,— whether power or sail,—should memorize, or if this is not possible, they should be pasted up where he can see them at any time. I have boated and sailed for thirty years in all sorts of craft under all sorts of conditions and have never suffered from any accident or weather, mainly because I have always taken proper precaution and have not been afraid to be on the safe side instead of trying to be smart or "showing off.” The more experienced the sailor, the more cautious he will be and lack of precaution and care only shows ignorance and bravado. Scores of lives are lost every year by boats becoming unmanageable or disabled and not being provided with food, water, oars or anchor.
Don’t go on any trip, no matter how short, without oars and anchor.
Don’t go any distance without a jug of water and a can of biscuit. It is safer to always keep them in a locker. You never know when you may need them.
Don’t overload your boat or needlessly go out in bad weather.
Don’t see how close you can run to larger boats to "get the swell.”
Don’t push your boat at full speed in heavy seas, it strains the boat and engine, throws spray and may result in swamping.
Don’t run before a very heavy sea, go across it diagonally if possible.
Don’t run in the trough of the sea, bring her head up to meet each wave.
Don’t try to lay to (keep your boat motionless) in rough weather without a sea anchor, drag or riding-sail. An old oar, a tin bucket, a bunch of canvas, some cushions or in fact any object that will float, fastened to a line passed over the bows will keep your boat head to the seas and make her ride easily. If you cannot arrange this, a piece of awning or cloth lashed to a pole, or oar, and held upright at the stern like a sail, will keep your boat head on to the wind. If oil is poured on your drag it will help a great deal in heavy seas and even oil thrown overboard from the bows will do wonders.
Don’t expect every other boat to get out of your way, the rules of the road on the water are as definite as on land and must be adhered to. If the other fellow violates them it is no reason you should. Keep to the rules and if anything goes wrong it will not be you that is at fault.
Don’t go out in misty or foggy weather without horn, compass, and bell. A small compass should always be on board.
Don’t go out at night without lights.
Don’t run fast in waters you are unfamiliar with. "Haste makes waste” and a sunken pile, stake or reef can send a small boat to the bottom very easily.
Don’t try to come to a dock under full headway. Better stop too soon and paddle up or start over again.
Don’t allow anyone to smoke near your gasoline tank, or to drop cigar or cigarette ashes in your boat, or to light matches near the bottom of your boat. Friends may not like to obey your orders but friends are cheaper than gasoline explosions.
Don’t look into a gasoline tank or fill it by lantern, or candle light. Use an electric pocket search lamp,—or do it in daytime.
Don’t run your boat when on the mud or sand if you can possibly avoid it.
Don’t let weeds, ropes, or lines get twisted around your propeller.
Don’t start out without gasoline, batteries, and oil.

Don’t fail to use judgment, care, and caution, and follow all directions furnished with your engine or boat without fail.

The Two Sitting Bulls

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The Two Sitting Bulls
By A. Hyatt Verrill
From Real Western Stories, February 1954. Digitized by Doug Frizzle, June 2014.

VERY FEW persons realize that there were two Sioux Indians named Sitting Bull. And,, as a result, there has been a great deal of confusion (as well as much misinformation), regarding them. The first, and original, Sitting Bull was an Oglala Sioux chief, who died several months before the Battle of the Little Big Horn took place. He was peacefully-inclined and friendly to the whites. He was a signer of the Treaty of 1867, which provided that, “As long as the grass shall grow and waters flow,” the land in question would belong to the Sioux. As usual, this promise was soon broken by the whites.
While on a visit to Washington, Chief Sitting Bull was presented with a rifle by President Grant, and the gun is now in the Museum of the American Indian, Heye Foundation, in New York City.
The other, and more famous, Sitting Bull, was a Hunkpapa Sioux. He was a shaman, or medicine man, but was never a chief and was not even noted as a warrior. Although it has been stated that he was a leader in the Battleof the Little Big Horn, he was ‘‘making medicine” in the hills ten miles away at the time it took place, and was not even aware that the battle had taken place until he returned to the Sioux camp.
According to Chief Dewey Beard, who took part in the battle, Sitting Bull went at night to the battlefield, and locating Custer's body, "made medicine” so that the spirits of the two men could converse. When he returned to the camp, he told the Indians that Custer's spirit had warmed him that he would be treacherously killed by the whites in the seventh      month of the fifteenth year following, that being 1890.
Although he had taken no part in the battle, the government made him the scapegoat and Sitting Bull fled to Canada. Later, he returned to the United States and was placed under arrest. However, he was soon set free, as there was no charge that could be brought on which to try him.
Later, when the famous Ghost Dance came into vogue, Sitting Bull was again arrested and charged with inciting the Indians to revolt, although the Ghost Dance was a purely religious ceremony and had nothing to do with warfare. As he was being taken into the fort, Sitting Bull was shot and killed by one of the Indian police, who claimed that he was trying to escape. However, the other Indians present declared that he was assassinated by order of the Army officers, which was more probably the truth; the Government had long “had it in” for Sitting Bull, and was only too glad to be rid of him.

If his murder was planned, it was managed very cleverly, for his death took place in the seventh month of the fifteenth year after he had allegedly talked with Custer’s spirit, and exactly as it had been foretold.

Degrading a Generation

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This essay was mentioned in another blog and was easily located. Though it was published nearly a hundred years ago, it seems quite applicable today. It is an interesting departure for the author of the 'Blue Pete' western series, aka Luke Allan.

Degrading a Generation
By W. Lacey Amy
Author of "The Blue Wolf"
From The Canadian Magazine, April 1917. Digitized by Doug Frizzle, July 2014.

IRREVERENCE as an accomplishment is a distinct development of this generation. It has become the standard of modernism, the badge of the automobile age. We call it freedom, rationality, progressiveness, and even genius—anything to blind us to its real essence: repudiation of the tenets of our fathers. New gods interfere with our religion, divorce courts laugh at marriage, festivity disturbs our homes, slit skirts and transparent waists violate the sanctity of the body, the tango shocks Terpsichore, cubism shatters art, sex stories distort literature, problem plays defile the stage. Our music has become mechanical, our charity an advertisement, our worship a form.
Summed up in a paragraph like that it is a disturbing picture—an unpopular one and inviting contradiction. We do not see it because the drug of our dissipations continues to control our senses. The picture is not yet completed; we are still painting it, most of us adding our daub of red and blue, and working up unconsciously a part of the consistent whole.
Perhaps, were the adult in control, common sense would right things before a cataclysm. That superficial intelligence which enables us to see wrong right, to urge a sophism in justification of every step, might strike deeper and become a sense of proportion, saving us, perhaps, from the full penalties of our foolishness.
But the young man and woman are growing up in the new life; and there's the rub.
Contumely has become, in the youth, a fine art. The disrespect of the father for the religion of his ancestors has extended in the son—and quite naturally—to include age, experience and control in his list of sneers. Eighteen years, or thereabouts, is the age of proficiency, of omniscience. An egg is not the only thing spoiled by time.
Religion? A nuisance, an interference with personal rights and reflection, a repudiation of individual acumen, a fossilized, unfounded fable fit only for the mentally unequipped. Age? A misfortune, a condition surrounded by hoary misconceptions that must now give way to more throbbing sapience. Experience? A handicap of the years that blinds the eye of reason, deafens the ear of wisdom, muddles the tongue of talent; a word to which time has attached an erroneous value. Control? If physical, vulgar and contemptible; if moral, a curb on individualism. The learning of years is but a drag on genius; and genius becomes senile after the twenties.
The youth of to-day acknowledges no value in the gift of the ages, denies the disadvantage of juvenility, permits no preference to the teachings of time, yields nothing to years. He sees in himself the embodiment of the progress of the world, the proof of it, the result of it; and he demands that the facts be recognized in the determination of future schemes for advancement or entertainment.
About the only thing reserved to the advantage of age is the vote, and that because any alteration rests in the hands of those who are beginning to realize their responsibility for the ravages of domineering buds. The ballot box is the sole fortification of years; and even it will yield to the licensed demands of youth unless adult responsibility is more than recognized. "You can't hold down a good thing," says the boy; and he's a mighty brave man who points out that a really bad one is quite as difficult to control.
The boy is not to blame. The father has shaped the son; the image is his carving.
Modern entertainment is bent to the whim of the young. The "Not-outs" rage in a whirl of gaiety which would unsettle their seniors. A young girl of seventeen of my acquaintance yawns dolefully on her infrequent evenings at home, and bemoans her inability to accept all three invitations for to-morrow. A girl's health suffers, her intellect is untrained owing to early renunciation of studies, her moral fibre is warped by indulgence and independence, her sense of proportion is left unguided. For she has long since overcome the interference of her parents by a persistent fight, and by holding up her young friends as examples of liberty and license.
She dresses as she pleases, regardless of cost, age, and even decency. The nell-rose hat she induced her mother to purchase for her, demands a nell-rose parasol; a purple hat requires a purple petticoat and veil. When she selects the youth who is to be favoured for a while with her company, he needs must recognize his good fortune by taxis, roses, and a gift for every anniversary. A girl nowadays is apt to size a young man by the quality of his flowers, the name on the chocolate box, the location of the theatre seats. She has made vases a standard decoration, bon-bon dishes a fad, opera cloaks a necessity for every wardrobe.
She rises at nine, after the frivolities of the previous night, and fills her morning with fittings and the shops. Her afternoons are topped off with teas at a down-town hotel. Her evenings are a round of turkey-trots, tangos and theatres. No dance is long taboo, no play too risque, no hour too late, few dissipations too abandoned.
Perhaps the secret of the license accorded to youth—especially to girls—is our frenzy for publicity, our determination to "keep in the swim". In the desire to prevent eclipse of our daughters we consent to conduct we find it difficult to defend. "Dorothy does it" is sufficient reason why our Gladys should go a shade better. It was Mrs. Jones's tea determined our dinner-dance. It is anything rather than be old-fashioned or "behind". We deliberately turn our backs on the evening's entertainment of our children to prevent a tussle with our consciences—or our daughters.
It may shock us to hear of an evening spent by our young girls wholly in turkey-trots and bunny-hugs, interspersed with cooling-off joy-rides; but that is not unusual even in Toronto, the Good.
The father in a prominent house sought to protect the entertainment given by his "not-out" children, by locking his stock of cigars in his billiard-room. The youths present—sons of social leaders—promptly broke through the locked door, forced open the cabinet, and calmly helped themselves, while below stairs the girls waited in vain for partners for the censored dance list. It mattered not that these young men came from families accustomed to guard their reputations as their most valuable asset. It was not that they condoned house-breaking and theft, but that their resentment at restraint was keener than their appreciation of the crime they had committed. It was merely the result of the license to which they were accustomed.
Our thirst for the evidences of wealth is turning the world upside down. Self-amusement blinds us to results; the fever of the excitement beclouds our common sense; the spectacle of our neighbours urges only to emulation. And into the vortex we have drawn our children whose ballast is not yet adjusted, whose balance does not keep their heads above the whirl. It may be hard to believe that the adult of to-day, deliberately selecting the life he lives, is able to withstand the stronger currents of that whirlpool; but it is certain as the sun that adolesence cannot hold its own. We exchange our cars every year, join golf clubs too numerous to be patronized, travel to surfeit—thereby living up to and beyond our incomes. And we saturate our children with the virus of extravagance.
A mother with some foreboding still, urged on her daughter more carefully considered expenditure. "You can't expect that any young man you marry will be able to keep you as you are living now."
The girl laughed carelessly. "I won't marry him if he can't," she replied. "Or else father'll make me an allowance."
And all the time the young man contemplating marriage shudders at the troubles that face him—even while he maintains the standard of extravagance of his set. He balks at the cost of marriage; she balks at everything else.
A foolish—I should say, criminal—mother brushed aside the warnings of friends concerning her daughter's conduct by openly accusing them of jealousy. In the meantime the uncontrolled girl was rapidly passing through the stage of popularity that greets a vivacious, pretty youngster, and had already closed against herself the respectable homes of her set. Finally the mother awoke to a secret marriage with a young scapegrace—and then looked to the courts to undo what her criminal foolishness had done.
Engagement has become to the debutante merely a proof of popularity. The eagerness with which she looks forward to that condition is seldom realized by her parents. With her young friends she discusses it and the man as one might the new maid. In cold blood they compare chances, delve into "thrills" and psychology, and arrive at conclusions which would stagger their parents. At twenty the unengaged girl frets circles around her eyes. At twenty-one a joke about her condition rends her. And at twenty-three she begins to retire in abashment.
"Musn't it be awful," said a debutante, apropos of an elderly spinster, "to have to go through life without a chance to marry." She could not imagine spinsterhood with any opportunity of altering it. It is the result of the attitude of the mother who longs for nothing but the "success" of her daughter; for that "success" is measured by the train of pseudo-lovesick youths in her wake. Girls are thrown into society with a reckless disregard of health, innocence, mental equipment and real happiness—in order that Mrs. Jones 's daughter may not be the "belle".
Take a census of the homes any night between September and May, and the few girls there will be yawning their heads off. And there lies the cause of blase maidens in their twenties, of cigarette-loving boys who prefer loafing and untimely gossip and pleasures to anything else on earth. Reading is confined to the "popular" book—whose popularity depends upon its trifling with the sentiments of this new life of ours. Sewing is left to the bazaars—an accepted revelry of to-day. Music is a charm cultivated for further conquest. And with it all, life is a continuous Coney Island, a parent is but a bank, home a sleeping-place.
Some of us look on and manage to feel it at times to the wringing of hands—and the next minute work the hypodermic. We have spasms of conscience. the inconsistency of which is justly ridiculed by our children. We exercise a momentary control—and to-morrow exceed even our former license. We stand aghast at the month's bills—and go shopping the same morning with our insatiable daughters.
But within our grasp is the remedy. The restraint of the parent can revive in a decade the simplicity of youth, the glow of innocence, the respect owing age and experience, the unadulterated merriment that goes only with purity. To-day a mother may lay her hand on the throbbing head of her daughter and impel that peace which alone makes for real happiness and virtue. The father holds the rein that can keep his son from destruction.
If mother and father withhold the hand of peace what shoals will threaten ten years ahead?

If at that time our children retain a conscience, a sense of right and wrong, a tinge of reverence, there will be marked up to the discredit of weak, foolish parents the lassitude and weariness and worse that follow hard on the heels of a life of revelry. Our license will not be remembered as love, as desire to gratify a son's wish, a daughter's whim. For always, while the world lasts, there will remain the conviction that the parent is responsible for the child.

Ruth Verrill Bibliography

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Ruth Verrill was the second wife of A. Hyatt Verrill and a research minded individual. From the library site WorldCat.Org the following records are retrieved:
1.         Memorial to Samuel Warren Barrington, William Barrington : their descendants, allied families, and other Barringtons
2.         James Blitch (1808-1860), his ancestors and descendants, 1743-1963 : Effingham County, Georgia [and] Marion and Levy County, Florida
3.         Register of the Ruth Verrill Archaeology papers.
4.         America's Ancient Civilizations.
5.         Registration of voters, Levy County, Florida, 1868-1874 and about 1879
6.         Marriage records, North Florida (1830-1950) : including early records of Alchua, Marion, Columbia, Dixie, Gilchrist, Taylor, Madison and Levy Counties with some genealogical data
7.         Marriage records of Jackson County, Florida : books A and B, 1848-1868
8.         Laceyville Cemetery, West Auburn, Tunkhannock, Pennsylvania
9.         Background of Levy County, Florida, Snellers
10.       Gods Who Were Men.
11.       When Gods Were Men. (1950)
12.       Scrapbook of research on the Lamphere family of Vermont.
13.       Levy County, Florida lists of registered voters and tax-payers
14.       Genealogy of the early Irish kings
15.       Stained glass memorial window's names
16.       Romantic and Historic Levy County
17.       Ruth Verrill archaeology papers.
18.       Tanner -- Hurst family record.
19.       Atsena Otie Island Cemetery, Atsena Otie Island, Florida, cemetery inscriptions.


Her most important work may be Gods Who Were Men, aka. When Gods Were Men. This 'book' may have only survived in 7 copies, created painstakingly by the author. A facimile copy of that book has been created and can be ordered here.

Blue Pete and Canadian Nationalism

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 This is perhaps the most authoritative review of the Blue Pete series. I apologize that some of the formatting of the original document has been lost./drf 
See also http://stillwoods.blogspot.ca/2014/06/lacy-amy.html

KEITH WALDEN
Journal of Canadian Studies 1989 24(2)

Popular novelist William Lacey Amy (Luke Allan) began writing his series of Blue Pete novels trying to say something serious about western development. His perceptions derived from a common English-Canadian expectation of Edenic transformation as well as firsthand knowledge of life in southern Alberta. Vision and experience did not mesh. Unwilling to question his nationalist assumptions. Amy abandoned any hope of commenting on real western society and moved Blue Pete much closer to the realm of myth.
For over three decades after the First World War, William Lacey Amy published a score of novels about the Mounted Police in the Canadian West, most of them centering on a half-breed named Blue Pete who worked with the scarlet riders. These ‘‘interminable” works, written under the pseudonym Luke Allan, are so bad in Professor Dick Harrison’s view that he refused to inflict on readers even a small sample in his recent anthology of Mountie stories.[1]Though Amy had some talent at building suspense, it would be absurd to claim he was a good novelist. His books, for the most part, were contrived, convoluted and conventional. Few readers took them seriously. Librarians did not make a point of collecting them. Critics have given them short shrift.
As Harrison astutely pointed out in his analysis of the evolution of prairie fiction, English-speaking settlers often drew on a culture that was ill-adapted to the life and landscape of the West. Imported expectations and applied values isolated and confined them, making it difficult to adjust to prairie realities.[2]This was certainly true of Amy, a classic illustration of the argument. Yet, it may be that just as inappropriate structures and assumptions were imposed on the land, inappropriate critical judgments have been imposed on literature, making its reality difficult to appreciate. What seems to bother Harrison most is his assessment that Amy simply imported the American frontier formula to Canada. Blue Pete, like the typical American western hero, worked outside the law using violence as a surgical tool to impose order. Canadian heroes, by contrast, supposedly resolved conflict by denying violence. Their authority came not from themselves but from an “ideal of civilized order” perceived to be much more important than any individual’s existence.3
Clearly, Amy was influenced by the American view of the West. The first Blue Pete novel contains not one, but two explicit allusions to the Virginian’s famous line, “When you call me that, smile."* It was hard not to be affected by materials which had tremendous international appeal and circulation. An insistence on sharp distinctions between popular Canadian and American frontier fiction is highly problematic. Amy was no different from thousands of other Canadians. He was, in fact, a typical central Canadian Protestant, and the values of that society, including nationalism, permeate his writing. It was not a slavish adherence to American forms that made his work boringly repetitive but a refusal to reconsider nationalist assumptions about the West that did not hold up under first-hand scrutiny.
When Amy began writing the Blue Pete stories, he wanted to say something serious about the development of the West. Like innumerable authors before and after who dealt with frontier areas, he was interested in the difficulty of reconciling an existing order with the imperatives of encroaching civilization. He brought to this question two sets of perceptions. The first, and most important, was the English-Canadian Protestant vision of western development. The second was his own experience of living in the West. The two were not quite compatible. After his simplistic expectations of Edenic transformation corroded, Amy backed away from romance toward myth, abandoning any possibility of commenting seriously on western society. That retreat is worth a closer look.
One reason why Amy’s work seems American at first glance is that unlike most Canadian prairie novelists, who wrote about the agricultural frontier, he wrote about the ranching frontier. This was logical: it was the West he had encountered, though for how long is hard to say. Despite his prolificness, not much is known about Amy’s life. Born to a Methodist minister and his wife in Sydenham, north of Kingston, probably in the mid-1870s, he emerged two decades later as a freshman at VictoriaUniversity in Toronto. According to class lists he spent three, possibly four years there studying arts, though he seems to have completed only the equivalent of about two academic sessions. Shortly after the turn of the century, he began publishing a newspaper in Medicine Hat, Alberta. About three years later, he left. The migratory habits of a Methodist background seemed to be deeply imbued for thereafter he travelled a great deal. Alumni records indicate he lived in England in the early 1920s, Florida in the early 1930s, Toronto in the early 1940s, and California in the 1950s.5 Wherever he called home, when he wrote about the West he drew from his own experience in one of the most important centres of the ranching business in southern Alberta.6 He knew about cows, not wheat.
The initial novel in the series, Blue Pete: Half-breed, published in 1921, may have been written much earlier since one segment appeared well before the war as a short story in Canadian Magazine.1 It is the most ambitious and most interesting of the works. The story has two intertwined threads. The first is a conventional romance. Constable, eventually Sergeant, Mahon, product of a respectable English middle-class family, must choose between prairie- bred Mira Stanton, physically beautiful but “a wild creature of untamed instincts and untrained mind,” and her equally attractive cousin, Helen Parsons, unaffected but possessed of a culture and intellect “incongruous with the untamed life in which they lived.”8 The decision is never really in doubt; Mahon selects the girl appropriate to his class, background and station.
The other thread, much more twisted, involves Blue Pete’s relationship with the police. Mahon discovers the half-breed just as Pete has crossed into Canadato break loose from his old associates in the rustling business. “I’m too gor-swizzled chicken-hearted fer Montany,” he tells Mahon, “an’ dead- sick o' th' everlastin’ game.”1’ Impressed by the young constable’s generosity and determination to prevent disorder, Pete goes along on a mission to recapture an escaped horse-thief, one of the gang he has just left behind. Dutch Henry, cornered in a shack, shoots Sergeant Denton who in true Mountie fashion had approached with gun holstered to make the arrest. Pete refuses to intervene at this point but swears that if the Sergeant dies he will come after Dutchy.
While Denton’s life hangs in the balance, Pete becomes an undercover police agent, drifting from job to job at surrounding ranches, disrupting the rustlers. It is work he enjoys, especially since he has become very attached to Mahon, whom he calls Boy. With this help police are able to stop much of the movement of stolen stock, though the culprits themselves remain at large. The situation is disrupted by four events. Pete’s connection with the force is discovered, making him persona non grata among both ranchers and rustlers. Sergeant Denton finally dies, obliging Pete to act on his promise to get Dutchy. Mira Stanton’s brothers, owners of the 3-bar-Y ranch, commit suicide when they are caught with pilfered cattle. Finally, Pete is discredited at a trial by an incompetent judge and the police are forced to relinquish his services. The effect of all this is to isolate the half-breed, and Mira as well, from the rest of society. Mira, who had been infatuated with Mahon, now realizes they are not suited. To free him emotionally, she allows herself to be caught with some stolen horses and is sent to prison for six months. As Pete waits for her release Dutchy’s gang returns. Mahon goes after them, and so does the half-breed who finally kills Henry to protect his friend and fulfill his oath. Badly wounded, he disappears into the bush. A police search turns up only a note from Mira, just liberated, who says they will never find his body.
For all its complications, Amy’s message was not hard to decipher. Mahon and Helen represented the future of the West. Boy, prevented from going to university by his father’s untimely death, had come to make his fortune in Canada. Opportunities proved scarce so he joined the Mounted Police, a force which, Amy made clear, was bringing more than law enforcement to the plains. “Men of birth, many of them, and all of them overflowing with the tastes that grow from education, their clean souled sense of duty and the ease with which they retained their wider interest in life and learning” were an inspiration to people like Helen Parsons. She in turn, educated in the East, was “no product of the prairie.” Her father, a prominent Calgarylawyer, came to Medicine Hatfor his health. When he died she stayed on with her aunt; the ranges offered “more of the relief of outside interest.” Once committed to the West she began to master its arts, like shooting and riding. If this muted the impression that alien values were being imposed, it was clear nonetheless that she and her husband-to-be embodied the culture, refinement, civilization, and order that would transform the empty flatlands into a prosperous garden. This was made explicit by wise Inspector Parker who congratulated Mahon for making the right decision about a mate. “The West isn’t going to be always the wild thing it is even today - and you’ll want to grow up with it.” Mira, a picture “you couldn’t hang in the parlour and wouldn’t insult by putting in the kitchen, 10 would have marginalized him in western society. It is interesting that Amy reversed the usual convention by requiring a male to choose between two female suitors. This reinforced the impression that on this frontier order and domesticity would be established mainly through the actions of the Mounted Police.
Helen and Mahon indicated the future. Blue Pete confirmed the rightness of this inevitability and pronounced the superiority of Canadian over American values. He was the outsider who substantiated the traditional view that our society is more peaceful, more ordered, more just than that to the south. To some extent Amy used Blue Pete the way Thomas Chandler Haliburton used Sam Slick, as an embodiment of the excesses of the neighbouring Republic. Some of the half-breed’s actions - when he plugged a hole through Mahon’s hat to avoid being taken into custody, for example" - illustrated typical American behaviour, at once impressive and objectionable. Slick is a more compelling character, of course, because Haliburton was a more talented writer. His creation remained ambivalent about Nova Scotian society; Sam’s bombast pilloried Yankees and Bluenoses simultaneously. For the most part, Pete accepted Canadian values so completely that he had little power to prod us with our shortcomings.
His judgment of the Dominion’s superiority was demonstrated in his decision to stay and work with the agents of order and in a willingness to curtail his violent habits. He continued to use a gun but did so sparingly and usually to protect the Mounties or affirm their purposes. When he killed Dutchy he acted primarily to save Mahon, not to exercise vengeance. In later novels, Amy stressed repeatedly how Pete tried to evaluate his conduct according to police codes of behaviour. Unlike the supposedly typical American frontier hero, he was very much controlled by the law. Though often he acted beyond its reach, society defined his goals, not himself.
Blue Pete was more than a vehicle for national self-congratulation. He was also a natural man, unencumbered by artificial social constraints, totally in tune with his environment. More than just at home with the land, he was almost a part of it, a fact underlined when he virtually disappeared into the prairie before Mahon’s very eyes.12 In many respects Pete was clearly superior to the police. His understanding of the cattle business, his ability with a gun, his mastery of horses, as well as his extraordinary knowledge of the land far exceeded their capabilities. He was not alone here; the other rustlers, especially Dutchy, shared these abilities though not to the same extent. Pete’s co-operation with the police symbolized the assent given by the more intelligent elements of the old order to the process of development. He could not block the goals of the force; it would triumph in the end. He got an inkling of this when he tried to free Mira on her way to prison: pursuit was organized so quickly after she escaped that he accepted the futility of trying to keep her at large. Still, he could have made things exceptionally difficult for the police had he opposed them. That he did not was an instinctive recognition of the value of true civilization.
As a natural man Pete was concerned with justice, not law. He was offended by the shooting of Sergeant Denton, not because a policeman was wounded but because the violence was unnecessary. Dutchy could have escaped without hurting anyone. When Pete went to work for the Mounties he made no effort to put the criminals behind bars; he simply tried to right the wrongs they committed. His willingness to be a police agent, therefore, demonstrated that in the Canadian West law and justice were essentially the same. If Amy sometimes emphasized in later novels that Pete’s methods were frowned on by the police, it was not because he sanctioned rootin’, tootin’ American cowboy behaviour. Rather, he wanted to remind readers that the half-breed was still a natural, instinctive man and that the equation between law and justice still held. This correspondence was confirmed by his readiness to teach the Mounties some of his tricks so they could do a better job. He trusted them to use the knowledge wisely. This was not a melding of values, though, only a transfer of skills. While it hinted that some valuable things from the old existence might be perpetuated, it mostly suggested that the new order would become stronger and more adept at getting its way.
As her ultimate match with Blue Pete indicated, Mira was another symbol of the wild, untamed spirit of the West. Her relationship with Mahon cast more light on the linkage between old and new forces. In disillusioning the Corporal by getting arrested, she indicated her acceptance of an inferior social role. “I ain’t in your class,” she acknowledged. There would be no fruitful union between them with offspring combining the strengths of both.13 Her success in the new environment would depend on how well she imbibed the lessons in literacy, dress and conduct which Mahon and Helen taught. Since Helen remarked on Mira’s facility in learning to read and write,14 there was some indication that the original spirits of place could adapt but they were likely to have a much diminished stature. Again, there was no blending of values here, just an exchange of skills which facilitated the grip of ordered society.
The turbulence of the old West would disappear; any regrettable loss would be compensated by the advantages of civilization. The prairie would become a prosperous, well regulated, attractive habitation. This was an optimistic projection Amy shared with thousands of other Canadians and many Britons too.15 He had likely grown up with this vision and brought it with him to the West. There was another dimension to his view of the area, however, one which came from his own experience. An undertone to the major key, it introduced nevertheless a curious chord of aesthetic and moral ambivalence which jarred with the imperialist dream of progress.
There are many indications in the novel that Amy was describing an environment he knew. For one thing, there are touches of modernity, like the telephone used to warn of Dutch Henry’s escape and the car used to transport wounded Sergeant Denton, which seem out of place in an ordinary cowboy novel but not in twentieth-century Medicine Hat. For another, there are characters which closely resemble well-known Alberta personalities of the time. Paddy Norton, the lawyer from Calgary who helped discredit Pete as a police agent is clearly based on Patty Nolan, the real Calgary frontier lawyer who actually was counsel for the Western Stock Growers’ Association in the period when the novel is set.16 Inspector Parker is almost certainly drawn from the real Inspector William Parker who commanded the “Hat’s” police detachment since explicit reference is made to one of his actual cases.17 Not surprisingly, by the second novel the name had been changed to Barker.
More impressively, Blue Pete: Half-breed contains brief flashes of almost sociological discernment which punctuate the adventure narrative. Consider, for example, the description of Medicine Hat“in the early throes of industrial ambition”:
Its natural gas was spreading its fame throughout Americaand England, and pioneers looking for factory sites were the town’s guests from the moment of their arrival. Its unearned reputation across the border as “the breeder of weather” was being fought by a systematic propaganda that was justifying its cost. The moving spirits of the city decided to go in for sports. Professional baseball was discussed, the result being the formation of the Western Canada Baseball League, more commonly known as “The Twilight League,” because in the long evenings of the prairie the games were started at seven-thirty. Medicine Hat was out for anything that promised publicity.18 There is a ring of authenticity here, as well as traces of insight that invite speculation about what Amy might have produced had he stayed in one place.
Perhaps it was not writing skill that he lacked but frontier fortitude, for embedded in these realistic touches are clues that Amy was less than enthralled with prairie existence. Formulaic praise for the beauty and freedom of the plains was contradicted by references to “shrubless waste” and “mile after mile of the dead grass of years” on the flat landscape. The Parson’s house in town was “rather gaudily painted as an offset to the drabness of the prairie.” Moreover, the land's “bare ugliness,” as he put it in a later novel, was matched by something monotonous and stifling in prairie society.19 Mahon, he emphasized, craved “a little of the variety of [the] outside world”:
Day after day of his duties threw him among men who thought in cattle and horses, whose conversation was round-up and brands and the prospect of encroaching homesteaders, whose sports were bronco-busting and wild riding and an occasional visit to town, whose sleep was mental vacuum and whose work entailed little more. He had never been able to satisfy himself with that....20
It was a feeling Amy probably shared. Whatever the future of the West, its present was less than completely satisfying, and the novel reflected an undercurrent of tension between booster expectations and constrictive realities.
Among the things Amy seemed to be genuinely knowledgeable about was the cattle business, including its shady aspects. Beneath the routine antics of the rustlers was a firm sense of how they operated—taking large herds into the hills, breaking them up into smaller groups, building semi-permanent corrals at regular intervals to speed up the drives. Blue Pete, in his courtroom testimony, listed a dozen-and-a-half ways to change the look of a horse. Such expertise might have come from other cowboy books, but it may be that newspaper work brought Amy face to face with these practices.
The most striking aspect of his depiction of rustling was the assertion that everyone involved in the cattle business, respectable and otherwise, participated. The point was frequently reaffirmed in the story. Blue Pete was abruptly tired from Grantham’s ranch after being exposed as a police agent. He explained in court how brands routinely were overlayed to confuse ownership. Mira’s locally esteemed brothers committed suicide when their involvement in the game was discovered. All this was something more than a plot device. Amy was insistent that rustling was part and parcel of raising cows, and he reiterated the point at length in some of his later novels. In a representative example from The Vengeance of Blue Pete, the Inspector lashed out at local worthies who complained about police inefficiency:
You come blatting to me, you the biggest ranchers in the country, about justice and the prevention of crime, and the duty of the Mounted Police, when you know that if we did our duty, if we considered nothing but justice and strict law enforcement, every one of you would be in Lethbridge jail right now... I don't say you rustle in person, but you know your cowboys do. And you accept what they help themselves to in the way of unidentified stock, and often in identifiable that can safely be taken.21
The ranchers were not the only characters in the novel with suspect morals. It also featured a railway contractor who knowingly bought stolen horses, and a newly appointed judge “whose previous record in criminal cases had frequently brought him into conflict with the police.”22 Together they highlighted the honesty of the Mounties, who were not corrupt, but, as with Amy’s view of prairie life and landscape, they introduced a note of ambivalence that conflicted with the expectation of Edenic transformation. The effect of the whole book, then, was a typically Canadian evocation of an emerging pastoral utopia,23 undercut by an ongoing contest between good and evil, likely to be permanent because ordinary people lacked moral consistency. The evolution to perfection of his romantic vision was challenged by a pessimistic interpretation of human nature. His dream of the future did not mesh with the real situation of prairie life.
Insights into western society in Blue Pete: Half-breed were scattered and brief, submerged in the adventure narrative. But if only to a limited extent, Amy was drawing on his experience of the area, trying to translate what he had known into imaginative literature. The fact is, especially if the novel was written before the First World War, this work contains some interesting seeds of prairie realism. The dichotomy between sentimental romances and realistic depictions of prairie life may not be quite as rigid as some critics have thought.24
At the end of the first novel it was not clear if Blue Pete was alive or dead, but all the important questions had been answered. Mahonand Helen, harbingers of the future, were about to be married. The spirits of place had been defeated or had aligned themselves with the forces of the new. Some disorder existed but it could be controlled by the police. There was perhaps a little regret at the passing of old ways, but no conflict over values. The choices of western society had been decided. This made for a satisfying conclusion but it did not leave much to explore.
Amy was not ready to give up trying to say something serious about the region’s fate. He had one powerful arrow left in his quiver — racism. In The Return of Blue Pete he addressed the “problem” of the alien worker. The book is chiefly remarkable for being one of the most vitriolic attacks on Canadian immigrants and radical labour ever to reach print. The plot revolved around efforts to prevent the sinister International Workers of the World from blowing up a newly built railway trestle out of spite for not being allowed to boss themselves. Its adventure was a thin coating for hate.
The navvies, “wild Continental scum” according to Amy, were “a filthy, low-down gang of [creatures] dressed up like men and walking on their hind legs.” They were violent, duplicitous, cowardly, and completely expendable. Torrance, the contractor, chided his assistant for failing to kill any in the course of construction. One aide, he noted approvingly, “did for five in his last season.”25 Blue Pete, as natural man, confirmed the judgment that foreigners were disgusting and radical labour a dangerous fount of anarchy.
Amy made a concerted effort to explain what made the “Dago Bohunk” so objectionable. Speaking through Ignace Koppowski, leader of the International Workers, he outlined the anguish that resulted from “over-sudden civilization.” “From the crude half-lights of my own country,” wailed Koppy, “I leaped at one bound into the brilliance of civilization’s beam.... And I couldn’t stand it — few of us can”:
... not finding the milk and honey flow out to lave our ships, we start depressed and resentful. We land in a strange country with only a word of its language. No one greets us, no one holds our fumbling hands. By dirty ways we slink to dirty tenement houses to hide ourselves—where disloyalty is the air we breathe, discomfort our bed, and robbery our experience—robbed by the friends who preceded us. Half-cowed, lonely, cursing in silence the drudgery that faces us, we learn to live for ourselves alone. Helpless, we drift into the hands of our own kind, who wax rich on the sale of us in herds to work no one else would undertake. Sullen, keen to the injustice of things, but ignorant of the simplicity of redress, we fall victims to our own morbid hatreds, to anything that promises to feed our fury....26
This kind of sympathy merely diverted venom to those who had successfully adjusted. Regardless of how they fared, Amy found reasons to damn the newcomers. He offered no solution other than complete exclusion.
This was the dark side of the Protestant vision—the fear that Anglo-Saxon superiority would be polluted by the off-scourings of Europe. The depth of Amy’s prejudice was unusual, but not its premise. Just as the ranchers’ moral lapses undermined assurances about the coming elysium, so too did the immigrants. While the trestle’s completion symbolized the West’s evolutionary advance, the continued presence of the workers at the end of the novel represented a source of evil that would not soon go away. Again, Amy’s optimistic expectations ran up against the sordid facts of western life.
Having unleashed this invective, he did not have much more to say about the evolving reality of the prairie. He was in a rather tight conceptual bind. Either he could admit that the simplistic Canadian dream of the future was wrong, and explore the ramifications of this, or he could go on repeating his old message and his established pattern of action with good defeating evil in the progressive establishment of Eden, knowing the chances of this happening were ever more remote. He chose the latter. However, when he returned to Blue Pete after writing several conventional police novels without the halfbreed, the essence of his creation had shifted.
According to Northrop Frye, the extremes of literary design are bounded by realism and myth, with romance in between. The characters of romance, though clearly superior to ordinary mortals, retain some resemblance to human reality. The world they inhabit, though missing many of the frustrations, ambiguities and embarrassments of everyday life, is still recognizable as the world of normal people. The more fabulous the depiction of romantic characters, the more dissociated they are from regular society, geographically and emotionally, the more they begin to show a mythic colouring.27 Even if not formally invested with divine qualities, they may become so distant and unbelievable that the connection with familiar existence becomes exceedingly tenuous. What Amy did when he returned to his creation was to move Blue Pete significantly closer to myth. There were still occasional flashes of insight into prairie sociology, still occasional warnings about vile immigrants, but now Pete worked alone, performing implausible feats at the fringes of society with little to say about what transpired within.
One indication of the change is the disappearance of any love interest in the plots. Mira, as Pete’s wife, continued to drift in and out of the action, especially to rescue her husband from danger, but she became part of the adventure machinery. Helen put in a brief appearance in The Return of Blue Pete, then vanished. With her went much of Amy’s opportunity to discuss domestic and community developments. To compensate for the elimination of romantic involvements, he increased the suspense in his plots. Once embarked on a case, Pete would lose his gun or his horse, get captured by Indians or become lost in a blizzard. Each of these circumstances complicated and delayed the completion of his mission. With this improbable mastering of trial after trial, Pete began to assume mythic proportions while the novels took on the episodic structure common to quest adventures.
As love and domesticity faded, so did the Mounted Police. By no means were they banished completely. Pete’s actions remained firmly tied to Mountie causes but almost always now he worked alone while members of the force became additional obstacles to overcome. Sometimes police had to be avoided because they suspected him of a crime; sometimes they had to be protected. Either way, they were used not so much to comment on what the West was or would become, but just to build tension.
When Pete left the police behind, action increasingly occurred in a world clearly divorced from the normal realm. Whether the Cypress Hills, the Rockies or Montana, normal rules of civilization did not apply. The danger in these places changed somewhat as well. Now the threat was more likely to be an Indian rather than a rustler or a foreigner. Amy was no more charitable toward native peoples than he was toward immigrants. His analysis of their situation was identical. Both groups were composed of backward misfits, resentful of those who should control them. He drew a few favourable portraits of individual Indians, but made clear these were exceptions.28 Whatever the reasons for the advent of these new villains — it may have had a lot to do with reader expectations—the effect was to direct attention to a group that was perceived to be at the margin of real society.
Changes in the setting were accompanied by changes in the treatment of Blue Pete. For one thing, a much greater emphasis was put on the specialness of his gun and horse. The pistol, unremarkable in the first novels, became almost an extension of the half-breed—so important that it alone enabled him to complete his tasks. If lost or stolen, before anything else it had to be found; no other weapon would do. Whiskers, his horse, a remarkable beast from the start, became even more unusual. She seldom required direction and appeared to know every thought in her rider’s mind. Though exceptionally small, she had greater strength and speed than any other mount. Inanimate objects that had special powers, strange and wonderful little animals capable of amazing feats—these belonged to a fairy-tale universe, not a real one.
In addition, Pete became ever more deformed and grotesque. When first introduced he was a bit cross-eyed, unkempt, had a bluish tinge to his skin, and wore outlandish clothing. As a character he was exaggerated but not unbelievable. To Mahon he resembled a Londonstage cowboy.29 By the late 1920s, after a succession of broken limbs and gunshot wounds, his appearance was distinctly peculiar: “His head hung forward, as if clearing the way, and one of his great rounded shoulders slouched perceptibly lower than the other. He covered the ground with amazing speed, with a noiselessness even more amazing. His crossed eyes darted from side to side, his blue-black face was still expressionless.” Later, his nose got badly smashed; later still, he was attacked by a cougar and told he would carry the scars in his head for the rest of his life.30 Despite the injuries, none of his skill or speed was diminished. From a colourful, unusual cowboy Pete became a shambling, misshapen, good-natured giant. Perhaps his progressive deformities were meant to parallel changes in the landscape as the work of civilization unfolded, but symbol or not he left the edge of reality and became a mythic archetype. The West itself, plagued by an unceasing supply of villains, remained stuck in the process of becoming a pastoral garden. The tension between the expectation of evolution and the permanent struggle between good and evil remained, though the triumph of progress seemed ever more remote.
Why did Amy move toward myth? Why did he give up trying to say anything substantial about the prairie situation? Dissatisfaction with western existence must have been a factor. After all, he left. Once gone, his perceptions, frozen in an era long since passed, became increasingly anachronistic. To compensate for the absence of authentic insight he drifted more completely into fantasy. Indeed, the later Blue Pete books should not be thought of as regional novels. The decision to leave, in turn, may have been conditioned by concurrent realizations of his limitations as a serious writer and of the ease of earning a living by grinding out pulp fiction. His British publishers and international audience were largely indifferent to the real character and future of the Canadian West. They did not care if situations were improbable as long as they got adventure.
Still, this does not fully explain why Amy abandoned a more realistic romance formula. Even with an unwillingness to probe the distance between inherited vision and actual experience, he could have maintained his original vision. Other authors managed to produce adventure without moving so fundamentally into make-believe.31 Like many of them, Amy could have centered on the Mounted Police, keeping more of an attachment to real society. Instead, his imagination gravitated to myth.
Why? Was there something in Amy’s outlook that made even romance unsatisfying? Since little about him is known, the question is impossible to answer, yet his contradictory view of the West — evolving towards pastoral harmony but infected at its very core with seemingly permanent imperfections is intriguing. Amy was writing at a time when cosmological thinking was profoundly unsettled. In the aftermath of Darwin, the paradigm of evolutionary advance was inordinately compelling, yet the anticipation of progress which it reinforced was undercut by deeply rooted conceptions of nature, including human nature, as a fixed commodity. Many people may have been troubled, for example, by an inability to mesh notions of inevitable progress with traditional understandings of evil as an inescapable presence in the world. Coming, presumably, from a rigorous Methodist background, this may have been Amy’s dilemma.
Since it is situated close to the world but not mixed in it completely, romance allowed him to bridge the difference between what he wanted life to be and what he knew it was. He could say something about the actual situation of the West without having to square completely dream and reality. It is possible that as Amy began to realize how difficult it would be to transform the prairie into the garden he expected, how difficult to produce order, justice and freedom in an unstable world, the assurances of romance seemed more fragile. To sustain his optimism he gravitated toward myth, looking for comfort in something well beyond ordinary humanity.32
When romance would not hold Amy retreated toward myth. It was an appealing destination, arrived at by many others travelling a variety of paths. The resurgence of myth has been a distinguishing characteristic of the present century. Ironically, by withdrawing into timeless, archetypic formulas, Amy demonstrated his fundamental modernity. It did not make him a good novelist, to be sure, but it may suggest he should not be dismissed out of hand as an uninspired hack who merely grafted American motifs onto a Canadian setting. Though Blue Pete ossified into a predictable adventure hero, he began as something more: a conscious affirmation of the inevitable, necessary and beneficial transformation of the West. Canadian nationalism was the force that conceived him and an unwillingness to disturb nationalist assumptions trapped him in an archetypal netherworld.

NOTES
[1] Dick Harrison, ed.. Best Mounted Police Stories (Edmonton: University of Alberta Press, 1978), 16.
2 Dick Harrison, Unnamed Country: The Struggle for a Canadian Prairie Fiction (Edmonton: University of Alberta Press, 1977), X and passim.
3. Harrison, Unnamed Country, 160, 161.
4. William Lacey Amy [Luke Allan], Blue Pete: Half-breed (New York: McCann, 1921), 91, 140.
5. University of Toronto Archives, Class and Prize Lists, P78-OI58-2, 1888-1899 and Department of Graduate Records, A73-026-007-32. See also Vernon B. Rhodenizer, Canadian Literature in English (Montreal: n.p.. 1965), 721.
6. Sec David H. Breen, The Canadian Prairie West and the Ranching Frontier, 1874-1924 (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1983).
7. William Lacey Amy, “Blue Pete: The Sentimental Half-breed,” Canadian Magazine, Jan. 1911, 269-74.
8. Amy, Blue Pete: Half-breed, 152, 50.
9. Ibid., 16.
10.              Ibid., 52, 51, 213, 210.
11.              Ibid., 68.
12.              Ibid., 21.
13.              Ibid. , 204. Though she remains a character in later novels as Pete's wife, there is no mention of children. The older spirits of place are ultimately sterile.
14.              Ibid., 127.
15.              See Doug Owram, Promise of Eden: The Canadian Expansionist Movement and the Idea of West, 1856-1900 (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1980).
16.              See Henry J. Morgan, The Canadian Men and Women of the Time (Toronto: Briggs, 1912), 854-55. Amy's portrait of Nolan may have come from a 1903 trial in Medicine Hat involving a round-up captain for the Stock Growers' Association who was charged with theft as part of a prolonged dispute between large and small ranchers. See D.H. Breen, “The Mounted Police and the Ranching Frontier,” in Hugh A. Dempsey, ed.. Men in Scarlet (Calgary: Historical Society of Alberta/McClelland and Stewart West, n.d.), 129.
17.              See Hugh A. Dempsey, ed., William Parker, Mounted Policeman (Calgary: Glenbow-Alberta Institute. 1973); and Amy, Blue Pete: Half-breed, 211.
18.              Amy, Blue Pete: Half-breed, 85-86.
19.              Ibid., 22, 11, 54; William Lacey Amy [Luke Allan], The Tenderfoot (London: Jenkins, 1939), 126.
20.              Amy, Blue Pete: Half-breed, 178.
21.              William Lacey Amy [Luke Allan), The Vengeance of Blue Pete (London: Jenkins. 1939), 65.
22.              Amy, Blue Pete: Half-breed, 178.
23.              See Northrop Frye, The BushGarden (Toronto: Anansi, 1971), 238-39.
24.              See, for example, Harrison, Unnamed Country, 100.
25.              William Lacey Amy [Luke Allan], The Return of Blue Pete (New York: Doran 1922) 108 64, 39-40.
26.              Amy, Return of Blue Pete, 360, 362.
27.              Northrop Frye, Anatomy of Criticism: Four Essays (Princeton: PrincetonUniversityPress
1973), 136-51.
28.              See, for example, William Lacey Amy [Luke Allan], Blue Pete’s Dilemma (London: Jenkins, 1945), 9; and Amy. Blue Pete: Indian Scout (London: Jenkins, 1950), 140.
29.              Amy, Blue Pete: Half-breed, 14.
30.              William Lacey Amy |Luke Allan], Blue Pete: Detective (London: Jenkins, 1928), 14: Amy, Blue Pete: Rebel (London: Jenkins, 1940), 68-69; Amy, Blue Pete’s Dilemma, 140.
31.              See Keith Walden, Visions of Order: The Canadian Moimties in Symbol and Myth (Toronto: Butterworths, 1982).
32.              William Lyon Mackenzie King also had difficulty reconciling a belief in the possibility of spiritual and material evolution with traditional religious conceptions of sin. He, too, had a highly romantic outlook, evident in such things as his idealization of women and predilection for chivalric heroes like Sir Galahad. When King's responsibilities increased, romantic optimism no longer seemed enough to sustain his confidence. He turned to spiritualism, asking the forces controlling destiny, or at least aware of its direction, to help make sound decisions in matters where lines between good or evil were not easily drawn. Like Amy, he sought comfort in something beyond ordinary humanity. This tension between evolutionary and dualistic cosmological conceptions as a key to understanding the progressive mentality may be worth more thought. On King, see Joy Esberey, Knight of the Holy Spirit (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1980), 43-58, 161-62; Ramsay Cook, The Regenerators: Social Criticism in Late Victorian English Canada (Toronto- University of Toronto Press, 1985), 198-200: Reginald Whitaker, “Liberal Corporalist Ideas of Mackenzie King,” Labourite Travail 2 (1977), 137-69; and Whitaker. “Political Thought and Action in Mackenzie King," Journal of Canadian Studies 13 (Winter 1978-79), 40-60.

Keith Walden is a member of the History Department at TrentUniversity.


Gods Who Were Men

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Below is an introductory section from 'Gods Who Were Men' by Ruth Verrill, written and distributed by mimeograph in 1950. In this large work, which can be found in four sections and in entirety on our PDF site, 
Ruth Verrill examines a number of relics from the 'New World' which may link back to the 'Old World'. The editor acknowledges no knowledge of archaeology or Biblical studies, but cannot find anywhere any disproof of Ruth Verrill's critical researches.
This editor encourages useful comments and emails on Ruth Verrill's work. Note that it appears that only about two of these 'books' remained until our digital republishing. A copy of the book may be obtained here.
There are hundreds of images in the book. I will try and add a few in the future, The images do appear also in the PDF format of this work.
Gods Who Were Men
From copy 7 - Dr. Junius Bird, American Museum of Natural History
image 1
image 2
Being the Second Edition of  'When Gods Were Men'
By
Ruth Verrill
December 1950

Copies
                               I.      Instituto National de Antropologie e Historia, Mexico.
                            II.      Dr.Charles E. Elvers, Baltimore, Maryland.
                         III.      (my own copy)
                         IV.      Rabbi Clifton H. Levy, New York.
                            V.      Dr. Earnest Hooton, Dept. Anthropology, Harvard U.
                         VI.      Dr. Robert von Heine-Geldern, Vienna.
                      VII.      Dr. Junius Bird, American Museum of Natural History.
                   VIII.      Dr. Julius Tello, Peru.
                         IX.       

Introduction
The purpose of this book is primarily to identify the many deified personages of the ancient people of the Old World, to trace their genealogies, to give their various aliases, to describe their various attributes and their supposed powers and in as far as possible to explain their identifying symbols and the origins of these symbols.
The fact that the names and attributes of the man-gods were identical or very similar both in the Old World and in America centuries before the Christian era would indicate that the deities of the ancient pre-Incans, the Toltecs, Aztecs and Mayas and the deities of the ancient Old World people had a common origin and that there was direct and frequent contact between the inhabitants of the two hemispheres.
The question of whether or not the early American cultures were introduced by colonizers from Asia and the Near East is a most controversial matter. On the other hand we have a number of scientists who declare positively that all the pre-Columbian races in America were descendants of migrants who crossed from Asia via the Behring Straits and who insist that all ancient American cultures were wholly of American origin and that there was not and never had been any contact with the Old World prior to the Spanish Conquest.
Who are or were the "pure-blooded American Indians"? If there were no indigenous human beings in Americaprior to the migration from northeastern Asia, then the "pure-blooded American Indians" were really pure-blooded Asiatics. If this is the case, and they did come to Americain prehistoric times when they were in a lower cultural state, why could not those who yet remained in Asia have followed them as readily as had the earlier people and why could they not have done so with increased ease as their cultural knowledge advanced? Is it reasonable to believe that a migration of culturally undeveloped people could have negotiated the passage to Americaand this became impossible for better equipped and more developed descendants in later times?
Certain scientists maintain that only a few centuries had elapsed between the time of the beginnings of these cultures and the arrival of the Europeans. But they fail to explain how it was possible for nomadic primitive Asiatics to have spread and increased until they occupied the entire Western Hemisphere from the Arctic to Tierra del Fuego and from the Atlanticto the Pacific, and to have developed totally distinct languages, characteristics, arts and religions all in the space of time allotted to them. Neither do they explain how, in far less time than would be required today, these people evolved highly complex and advanced civilizations, erected thousands of magnificent temples and other structures—and all by most primitive methods and with stone tools only. But these scientists go even further in their all American ardor. When a Mayan date glyph is deciphered that puts the period of its carving back farther than the scientists consider permissible, they boldly announce that the ancient Mayan sculptor made a mistake of several centuries when varying the glyphs.
Can anyone with a modicum of common sense imagine anything of this sort? Even if the actual artisan made such an error it would at once have been noticed by the priests and would have been corrected. But no, our hard-headed "pure American" archaeologists set themselves up as knowing more about Mayan dates and glyphs than did the Mayas themselves, yet, as a matter of fact, no one can be absolutely certain of the correlation of Mayan dates with our own, and as far as I know, no two scientists agree on this matter.
As an example of the extreme lengths to which a certain school of our scientists have gone in order to hoodwink the public and maintain their claims, they have insisted that the pre-Columbian Americans did not know the wheel. But wheeled toys and carts had been found in Mexico (1887, 1940) and all of these scientists were well aware of the fact.
The Associate Curator of Anthropology, AmericanMuseum of Natural History, New YorkCity, in his splendid article "IS AMERICAN INDIAN CULTURE ASIATIC?" is as far as I know, the first to mention the wheeled toys in an official publication produced by a museum or other scientific foundation and we both hope this will dispel the wide spread fallacy that the pre-Columbian American aborigine had no knowledge of the wheel.
There is a strong and increasing reactionary group who now admit that all indications point to ancient contacts between the Old World and America many centuries before the Christian era, some even admitting that there are abundant proof that many of the arts, the beliefs, the mathematics, the religions and the deities were brought to America from Asia and were developed into the civilizations of Peru, Mexico and Yucatan, and scarcely a month goes by that some new discovery linking the American with the Old World cultures is not made.
The material presented in this book merely points out by means of incontrovertible proofs long established by history, inscriptions, and sculptures supported by traditions that many, if not most of the Old World god-men had their exact counterparts at the same period in America. So frequently does this occur that it cannot by any stretch of the imagination be relegated to the realm of coincidence.
A coincidence might occur once in a great while but coincidences do not and cannot occur over and over again not only in a name but in symbols, attributes, lineage and other details.
Finally quite apart from any light my work may shed upon the question of the Old World origin of early America’s higher civilizations, I feel that the material I have compiled is of both scientific and popular interest, especially as nothing of the sort has ever been previously attempted. The material holds a great deal of real human interest pointing out, as it does, how important a part symbolism has played in the deification of personages in the dim and obscure past and the origins of these symbols.

Ruth Verrill,
Route 1, Chiefland, FL

Chapter


When Gods Were Men
This manuscript is being written with the idea of preserving the findings I have made during my fifteen years’ research into dim and most obscure backgrounds of the higher cultures of the Early Americas. That any shred of knowledge is to be found at all is most amazing. It is a subject that cannot be found in any libraries’ reference rooms for there is no work covering the subject. Source material has to be culled from many, many sources; works written by many scientists and historians, etymologists and theologists, curators of museums and others.
Material selected for this work has been culled from the works of reputable persons and most of the data has appeared in various publications. This compilation is my own original effort. My only collaborator was my husband. He helped me with the South American material and made many helpful suggestions. The endeavor has been most tedious but thoroughly enjoyable.
Those who have seen the work we are doing, as well as that which has been completed say we have more than proved our contention that the higher cultures of the Americas were introduced by the Sumerians, Phoenicians, Goths, Aryans or Asiatics, depending on the name preferred. I use the coined name "Sumerian" throughout this compilation or monograph, though I am aware of the fact that it was originally a geographical term. It is merely a matter of convenience.
I do not contend that this race carried out vast projects of colonization or that they came from one area or even any particular era. They seem to have originally occupied Pachacamac, Peru in very remote times, though I doubt if they originated in that area.
The god-king Pachacamac and his wife left Peru, according to tradition but seem to have left a handful of their race to carry on the government, religion and commerce. The founder of the Phoenician dynasty, king Nuna or Haryashwa or his sons, probably came to one or both of the Americas and his descendant, Tizama, seems to have been the god-king and culture bringer Itzama, of the Early Mayan race. Sargon of Agade or King Sagara and his son, and grandson are most certainly on the list of arrivals and the remarkable prime minister and arch-priest, An-Nannatu, of the last dynasty of Ur, who held office under several kings of Ur, the last being King Ibil-Sin. There will be more about these personages later.
There are those who believe that this remarkable race had its origin on some lost continent or island that sank and left but a remnant of their race and culture intact. Some are positive that the race originated in the table-lands of Eastern Asia, but it would not surprise me if some one finds proof of their having originated in America.
After considerable cogitation I have decided to begin the first chapter with the most ancient cultures of the Central Andean regions, particularly those discovered in the Department of Ancash, Peru. Though these findings and comparisons have been lauded by curators of two institutions whose professions are archaeology and ethnology, several scientists and a few serious students of ancient history, one principal of a school, several teachers, one newspaper man and an editor of a University press among others, there are those who think my efforts quite a waste of time and energy and all I have achieved, according to the views of this group, is a rather unusual compilation of nothing more than mere coincidences. If you, as a reader of this work, feel as the latter group say they do, please, just to disprove our contentions, read this compilation of monographs through and prove we are in error. We are quite willing to have you try.

Chapter 1  Haihayas of Asia and the Huailas or Huaylas of Peru

It is our belief, substantiated by history, tradition and other evidence, that the progenitors of the Huailas of Peru were the ancient Haihayes of the vicinity of the City of Umma, in an area then known as Southern Babylonia. In the following pages we offer some of the evidences that have led us to this belief.
First, however, in order to explain who the Haihayas were, a brief outline of their history is essential.
The priest-king Lugel-Aggisi or Zaggisi, a son of Ukush, (both Haihaya chieftains) was the ruler of the City of Umma at the time he began the conquest of his kinsman, Sargon of Agade or King Sagara, as he should be called. In one of the inscriptions King Aggisi had made is the following: "...(I have)...conquered the land from the Rising of the Sun to its Setting, and made straight the path from the LowerSea (Persian Gulf and Indian Ocean) over the Euphrates and Tigris into the UpperSea(Mediterranean)." After his successful war of conquest he had his capital at the city of Erech.
King Uruka Gina died shortly after losing his realm and one of his wives was about to throw herself upon his funeral pyre when the great and very noble prophet and priest Aurva begged her to not do so for she was to be the mother of a mighty emperor and to commit self immolation was unthinkable for she must preserve the life of her unborn prince.
Priest Aurva being of the same race as King Uruka Gina and a very learned man and an excellent teacher, took upon himself the task of teaching the young prince when of suitable age. The priest taught him religious and civil law, execution of ceremonials and literature and various sciences, including that of planned warfare.
When Prince Sagara or Guni came of age he waged a terrible crushing defeat over his Haihaya kinsmen, King Lugal Aggisi, and would have wiped him and his tribe off the face of the earth along with several other tribes who had acted in the revolt against his father, but for the plea made by the prince's family priest.
This would seem to be so, for many years later another king had trouble with the Haihayas whom it would seem, were predestined to attract trouble. About 2300 B.C., Haihaya princes, sons of King Arjuna Kartevirya, killed King Jama-Dagni in a personal feud. This king was succeeded by his son, Purash-Sin, or Bur-Sin 1, who was also known as Parashu-Ram, the traditional founder of the hereditary Brahman caste system, which is still the most outstanding feature of East Indian sociology.
King Parashu-Ram in his wrath over the murder of his father waged a war of extermination against the Haihaya princes and Sun-cultists and even had his mother put to death as she also served as a devotee of the Sun-cult. (She was a granddaughter of the priest-king of Lagash, pateai Cudea.)            See next page—
In the area we now know as Palestineare remains of two archaic town-sites, Aija and Haiyan that perhaps existed prior to the reign of King Sagara but I must explain this later.
image 3- The Gudea of the old World and the New—Compare these two.
A full figure statue carved in stone representing Gudea, the priest-king of the port city of Lagash is shown above at the left. He lived about 2373-2368 B.C.
The carved head at the right is tilted backward somewhat, causing the features to appear longer than they actually are. Notice the identical carving of the eyes, indication of the headdress being a wound or wrapped turban and traces of it once having been ornamental like that worn by Gudea, showing just above the space between the brows. This head was discovered by Dr. Matthew Stirling in Mexico in 1940. (From "National Geographic Magazine")
The likeness is most amazing and it is doubtful if it is just a coincidence.

A little earlier then the reign of King Sagara, King Shubad’s (King of Ur) son, Tizama was reigning in India, according to Pali records. The latter also bore the following names (among others), Somaka, Sambhuta, and Tez-car. Tizama’s worship seems to have been much like that followed by the Haihayas but just what his relationship to the Haihayas may have been is not stated but the following theory based on historical facts may offer a reasonable supposition:
If Tizama and his father, Shubad are synonymous with the two supreme deities of the Mayas, Hunab-ku and his son Itzama it is not at all improbable that the Haihayas, also called Huhunuri, were Itzama's or Tizama's people (compare Huhunuri with the name Junin). (J in this case has the sound of H.)
It is not impossible that King Lugal Aggisi sent to India for Tizama, at the time of his conquest of Sagara’s father and asked Tizama to return to Babylonor Lagash or Erech and prepare to take charge of the newly acquired West Lands. This supposition would account for the indications that people from the land we now know as Palestine, emigrated to South America and became established there, for King Tizama, if we continue with this supposition—would have undoubtedly gone to Phoenicia and employed a fleet of ships, crew, artisans, priests and at least a few troops. If this is the case, it would explain why Tizama, if we follow the belief that he was the same personage as Itzama, never seems to have returned to his native land . He was quite well along in age at this time and after Sagara's conquest of the Haihayas, and his land remained under the rule of his enemy, or his peoples' enemy, King Sagara, there would have been no opportunity for him to have returned before his demise.
However, there seems to have been a very close connection between the Hualias of Peru and the Haihayas of the Arabian peninsula.
Now to resume the subject pertaining to Aija and Haiyan in Palestine. Both of these archaeological sites are of an archaic type and are not very far apart. Aija, Ai or Aiath as it is variously called, is east of Bethel and near Bethaven and north of Mishmash. Biblical Joshua unsuccessfully attacked Aija but the city was later taken by strategy. Due to various vicissitudes the town never recovered its former prestige and very little remains of its earlier culture today.
. . .
In the Department of Ancash, Peru, in South America are very archaic remains. These are described by Dr. Julio Tello in his article "Andean Civilization: Some Problems of Peruvian Archaeology" , printed in the "XXIII International Congress of Americanists", held 1928.
The cultures are arranged in the following manner: Callejon de Huaylas, Chavin, Chongoyape and Paracas with cultural influence extending from the coast to the Central Andean region. Dr.Tello states that the archaic, megalithic cultural type seems to extend from San Augustine in Columbiato Tiahuanaco, Bolivia and there appears to have been a widespread influence in historically remote times.
In the Department of Ancash, Peru are several village sites bearing Old World names, one spelled exactly the same, two spelled almost the same and several others that are recognizably similar. The Peruvian town of Aija has its name in counterpart, the town in Palestine called Aija , previously mentioned and when interpreted meant almost the same thing, 'ruined' or 'destroyed'. The little town of Recuey in the Department of Ancash has its BibleLand counterpart in Recah, a place occupied by a tribe of Judah, which undoubtedly was in the vicinity of Aija in Palestine, Other towns in the Department of Ancash bearing a closely similar name to the archaic town-site of Haiyan of the Bible, are Huascan, Hualcan, Huaylas and Huarmay,
In the neighboring Department of Junin is a town called Caina; another town with a Biblical namesake, Cana or "Place of the Reeds". (see later) Also, in this same Department is the town of Tarmar, a name closely resembling Tamyras,.the name of a river between Sidon and Beirut, in Phoenicia, also between Hebron and Elath, is a town called Tamara.
A town in the Department of Ancash named Huari, has a Biblical counterpart in the name of a man, Huari, interpreted as "Linen weaver". This may be of sufficient importance to warrant several quotations from a Quechua Dictionary that the reader may see some of the words in that language pertaining to weaving. "A weaver" in the Cuzco, Peru Dialect (one of those forming the (Quechua language) is AHUAY-Camayok. In the Ayacucho Dialect it is AKUAC (See page 57,65) (compare with A-NAHUA-AC of the Aztecs) and in the Junin it is AHUA. In the Junin Dialect a 'weaver' of stockings is Medias (a Spanish word) HAHUA, in Ancash; "—shuag." In the Cuzco Dialect a weaver of ponchos is called AHUAK. "To weave—" in the Cuzco, Ayacucho, Junin and Ancash Dialects is AHUAY. Compare this word with Huari, mentioned above, and the town of Ancashwith the name of Huari.
The naming of places in a new land after those in the old is a well known trait and from the evidence given here it would seem that there was no exception to this trait among these people in Peru.
In and near the Department of Ancash are archaeological remains showing highly distinctive depictions of religious and ceremonial matters along with carvings of men and women of such an obviously superior type that they must have been carved to represent actual personages.
Various features of these ancient works of art furnish clues to the identity of these people and their origin and also serve in tracing their apparent migrations through several centuries and quite a few countries.
Another, and very important matter pertaining to this subject is that of the worship of Indar (a son or grandson of the East Indian Lawgiver, Manu) deified as Mishi, Ishi, Tas, Tashia etc. Some claim this deified personage was Indar himself, others claim him to have been a son of Indar). The Haihayas or Hunuhuris worshipped this deified personage, Indar, as he seems to have been one of their ancient progenitors. The pre-Incas, worshipped him as Enki (similar to Ea, the Semetic name for deified In-Dur (Indar) and as the “Cat-god" Mishi. Ishi of the Bible was but another name for Jehovah and superseded the synonymous name, Baali, "My Master". Ishi has at least two interpretations, "My Husband" and "Saving".
The various stone carvings representing the "Cat-god" Mishi, found in the Department of Ancash, Peru are still to be seen and I include several depictions of this deity with his felines from several parts of the Old World and for comparison, include several from Ancash.
(image 4) Huarmay, Department of Ancash, Peru.
(image 5) Phrygia's "Tasia" or "Mishi".
(image 6)
This scene is from a carved ivory handle of a stone knife ,found in Egypt, and of predynastic age, now in the Louvre. (See L.Benedite "MONS. ACADEME des INSCRIPTS" XII.l.) "Tasia" or "Mishi" etc., of very early era.
(image 7) From Marka-Kunka, Aija, Huaraz, Department of Ancash.
(image 8)
A pre-Christian depiction of Tasia, from a cross at Hamilton, Strath-Clyde, Scotland.
(image 9) Old World
(image 10 page)
I have other depictions of this "Cat-god" from the Old World and from the New, but this may suffice, and carry sufficient weight to indicate the probability of his having been transplanted from the Old World to the New. If this evidence is accepted, it will put this particular Asiatic immigration into South America in pre-historic times.
A seemingly irrelevant subject leads to additional substantiation of this subject. It is the horse-shoe-like symbol known as the "earth bowl". This object is found archaeologically in many forms and in a fairly large number of places, including areas inhabited by the Mayas, Aztecs and their kindred tribes. The origin of the "earth bowl" symbol must be explained in order that a clear idea of its relationship to the present subject may be understood. Several races, including the Chaldeans, Chino-Turks, Hindoos and Early Aryans had a tradition that their people came from an area known to us as the Tarim Basin, a locality north of Tibet.
This land is so formed geographically, that it roughly resembles a huge ’bowl’ or basin. The race with whom this symbol originated preserved the memory of its form and it is known to us in several forms. One is the so-called 'yoke’ found archaeologically in areas influenced by the early higher cultures of Mexicoand farther south. These 'bowls’ may be seen on stela, in codices and in other forms of art. The people who retained the symbol undoubtedly knew its meaning as well. For the benefit of the reader a few depictions of these 'bowls' are submitted. (See page 12)
The carved stone statue of a personage at Rurek, Aija and the other from Aija Huaraz, shows these earth-bowls in inverted position, perhaps to indicate that the race no longer inhabited the locality. The first mentioned carries a shield or plaque on which is depicted
1-            "Earth Bowl" from headdress of figure from Aija, Peru. (See photograph given below.)
2-            A so-called ’yoke' from Vera Cruz, Mexico. A highly conventionalized "Earth Bowl"
3-            An Aztecan "Earth Bowl".
4-            An Aztecan "Earth Bowl" as a water symbol.
5-            The Mayan symbol, EK-AHAU, an "Earth Bowl".
6-            Conventionalized "Earth Bowls" on a Toltec pillar from Tula
7-            Mexican "Earth Bowl".
8-            "Earth Bowl" from the figure's costume on a stela at Cerra De Mesa , Mexic. (very ancient.)
9-            An ancient representation of the “Earth Bowl" formed by the TarimBasin. (From Maspero, See photo below.)
image 11
image 12

Tribes of the Far Southwest

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Tribes of the Far Southwest
KNOW YOUR INDIANS
Department of Special Features
By A. Hyatt Verrill
From Double Action Western magazine, 1954 July. Digitized by Doug Frizzle, Sept 2014.

LIVING in the mountains, the canyons and on mesas and deserts of our Southwest, in New Mexico, Arizona and western Texas, were a number of tribes of many racial and linguistic stocks. Some were sedentary and agricultural Indians, with permanent villages; others were nomadic. Some were peaceful and friendly, while others were warlike and hostile.
Prominent among these were the so-called “Apaches”. As a matter of fact the real, original and only true Apaches were the Navajos, who were called “Apachu” or “Savage Enemies”, by the Zunis. This was corrupted to “Apache” by the whites, and was applied indiscriminately to a large number of tribes—among them the Mimbrenos, Akonves, Mescaleros, Jicarillos, Faraones, Llaneros, Chiricahuas, Queraebos, Pinaleros, Pinals, Arivaipas, Coyoteros, Megollones, Tontos, Gilas, Kiowa-Apaches, Lipans, Yumas, Mohaves, and others.
Although nearly all of these were of Athabascan stock, yet they differed greatly in their temperaments, habits, character, and many other respects. Many were nomads; others dwelt in permanent villages; some subsisted by hunting, and others cultivated the soil—had well-designed irrigation systems, and depended for a living upon their crops. Some were exceedingly primitive, while others had attained a fairly high culture; and while some were warlike others were peaceful, docile, and wished only to be left in peace. Also, in many instances some bands of a tribe might be hostile, while other bands of the same tribe were peaceful and even served as scouts for our Army.
No other tribes had the unenviable reputation of being as savage, as relentless, as cruel and bloodthirsty as these so-called Apaches. Partly, the reputation was well-deserved, but much of it was exaggeration and anti-Indian propaganda on the part of the whites. However, the Apache wars cost us millions of dollars and many hundreds of lives, most of which might have been avoided.
Although these Indians have been pictured as fiends incarnate, yet we must remember that they were fighting for their lands, their homes and their freedom—principles that we fight for, and consider patriotic and praiseworthy. And in most cases, our trouble with these tribes was the direct result of uncalled-for hostile actions on the part of the whites, who often mistreated and murdered those Indians who were inclined to be friendly. This was the case with the Mimbrenos, who were peaceful until a number of the tribe (who had been invited to a feast by the miners of Santa Rita) were murdered for the sake of scalp-bounties offered by Mexican officials.
The long and bloody campaign with Cochise was the result of our officers having, under a flag of truce, arrested him with two other chiefs—on “suspicion” that the Indians had kidnapped a white child (who was later found safe and sound). In their efforts to obtain a “confession” from the suspects, the Indians were tortured by the officers. Although Cochise managed to escape, despite his wounds, his comrades were hanged; under the circumstances we scarcely can afford to blame Cochise when he and his band went on the warpath.
The chances are that we might not have had any trouble with Geronimo and his band, had our Government kept promises and good faith. The famous chief was a well-to-do farmer, who had caused no trouble until he became disgusted with the Government when the officials failed to fulfill promises of irrigating his lands. Then white ranchers cut his fences, drove off his cattle, and destroyed his crops; quite naturally, he became hostile.
It must, however, be admitted that some of these southwestern tribes were born bandits and gloried in raiding and killing (whether their victims were other Indians or white), and who were past-masters at devising most painful methods of putting captives to a lingering death, and who were as thoroughly hated and despised by the other tribes as by the whites. Oddly enough, these savage Indians usually treated women prisoners with consideration. Female captives were not abused or maltreated, although virtually slaves; rarely were they ravished, and sometimes they married their captors. Because some of these tribes were inveterate killers and robbers, the whites (who did not discriminate) regarded all in the same category; yet, frequently one of the so-called Apache tribes would be waging a relentless war with some other “Apaches”, The Jicarillos were bitter foes of the Utes, and the Taos Indians and were deadly enemies of the Mescalero Apaches, with whom they were constantly at war. Although they were also hostile to the whites, the Taoscaused comparatively little trouble. One of their chiefs declared, “We will leave the whites alone, as long as they continue to kill the Mescaleros.”
ALTHOUGH some of these tribes were raiders and killers by nature and inclination, there were far more who fought only in defense of their freedom and their homes; and even their worst enemies agreed that such Indians, once they became a man’s friends, remained steadfast regardless of whether or not they were at war. Also, like the majority of Indians, they never forgot a favor or some kindness. On more than once occasion, Cochise ordered his warriors to guard and protect the home and family of some white settler, who at one time had saved his life or had cared for him when wounded.
It may seem strange, but it is also true, that once these Apaches had made peace and abandoned warfare, they took to farming and ranching as a duck takes to water and became well-to-do farmers and ranchers—highly respected by, and on an equality with their white neighbors. In fact the whites not infrequently married Apache women, and several of the most highly respected and influential families of the Southwest are partially of Apache blood. Many of the Apaches took to railway construction work, and are considered among the best of all section hands, while others are expert structural steelworkers, and play an important part in erecting skyscrapers, bridges and other steel structures throughout the country and abroad.
As usual, there has been a vast amount of misinformation regarding the so-called Apaches and their more famous leaders. Cochise, as I have said, was driven to hostility and warfare by his ill-treatment by the whites, but he was noted for heroic courage, and was inherently honorable. He was as steadfast in his friendships as he was implacable in his hatreds; he never forgot a favor rendered, or forgave an injury. After peace was established he became an ardent and successful farmer, and died peacefully at his home in 1874.
Probably the most famous and notorious of the “Apache” chiefs was Geronimo, and probably no other famous Indian has ever won so much notoriety through his own propaganda and selfadvertising. Few of the noted chiefs of the past have had so little real claim to fame. Geronimo was a thorough believer in publicity; he became his own “press agent”, and spread tales of his savagery and his raids—fully realizing that the terror they inspired would accomplish as much as actual fighting. Also, he was a firm believer in the old adage that: “He who fights and runs away will live to fight another day.” Seldom did he engage in a stand-up battle, but usually managed to be one jump ahead of white troops, until ready to surrender and save his skin. Many of the disastrous raids attributed to him were carried out by his sub-chiefs; he took no active part in them.
When, after their surrender, he and his band (numbering 340 warriors), were deported to Fort Marion, Florida, thence to Alabama, and finally back to Fort Sill, Oklahoma, he and his fellows made a lucrative business of selling photographs, handiwork, and their autographs to tourists and white visitors. The wily old medicine-man-chief of the Chiricahuas was first, last and all the time a sharp trader and keen businessman, who proved that it was possible to fool all of the public all of the time. However, his military genius, and his personal courage were never questioned; again and again he outmaneuvered and outfought white troops under General Miles and General Crook and managed to slip through their most carefully-constructed traps. He surrendered only when he fully realized the futility of carrying on hostilities further.
ALTHOUGH most persons, probably the majority, have the impression that the “Apaches” devoted the greater part of their lives to fighting, stealing, raiding, and killing, this is far from being the case. A number of these tribes dwelt in well-built lodges, in good-sized villages, and possessed quite a high culture with numerous arts and crafts. Their basketry, textiles, bead-work and other handiwork are of a very high quality, and very artistic. Practically all of the so-called Apaches used huge storage-baskets for the corn they raised, and these were often of gigantic size, or graceful form, and woven with harmonious colors in designs of geometrical patterns—often in combination with animal and human figures. Most of the baskets were water-tight and some of them were among the finest of all the Indian baskets. From cotton, wool, and other fibers they wove blankets and other textiles that were often the equals of the famed products of the Navajos. On the other hand, they never learned to make good pottery for containing liquids, but used baskets coated with pitch or clay. They were experts at tanning skins and hides, and decorated buckskin garments with fine beadwork and painted designs usually consisting of fine lines in open intricate motifs—in which the star, Greek Key sun, and triangular figures predominate and more often than not using two shades of one color, or black and white rather than a combination of bright colors that were popular with most other tribes.
Although during ceremonies and dances their costumes were quite elaborate, when on hunts or at war, the braves stripped to breechcloth and moccasins, seldom wearing feathers in their shoulder-length hair but wrapping turban-like strips of cloth or buckskin about their heads. Their moccasins were very different from those of other Indians, being knee-high, or nearly so with upturned toes and stiff soles —often with an ornamental toe-tab.
The only exceptions to this type of footwear were the moccasins of the Jicarillos who used low-cut moccasins, but with the upturned toes, and who wore fringed leather-leggings and had long hair often in braids like those of other plains tribes.
When “dressed up”, these various so-called Apaches wore fringed and beaded buckskin shirts and leather caps, or hats, decorated with painted designs and varying from skull-caps to high hats similar in form to the “shakos” of oldtime soldiers. More often than not these had long “tails” of scalloped and decorated leather, and had plumes or tufts of feathers, scalp locks, etc., at the top of the cap. At times horns of antelope, deer, buffalo or cattle were attached to the sides of the headdress. The familiar feather bonnet of the other plains tribes was never used as a part of the Apache costume, except when it had been taken from a slain enemy, and was donned as a trophy on special occasions.
All of these tribes had innumerable dances and ceremonials, the “devil dances” being the most popular. During these, the Indians wore huge grotesque painted headdresses and masks. They had many medicine-cults and secret societies, and were greatly addicted to the use of charms, amulets, fetishes, etc. Among such, were shells supposed to prevent illness, and figures cut and carved from trees that had been struck by lightning—the latter were believed to be safeguards against lightning.
Although among the first of our western tribes to obtain and use firearms, they were also among the last to abandon bows and arrows. Their bows were rectangular in section, rather short and broad, and were very powerful being reinforced by sinews glued to the wood. The arrows were of two types: one with a long shaft of cane with false wooden fore-shaft tipped with a stone or metal point. The other form had a short heavy wooden shaft. Sometimes the arrows were feathered, but many had no feathers and were so crooked that it seems almost a miracle that they ever should have hit the mark. Accuracy, however, was not vitally important, for most of the fighting was done at close quarters—where penetration and killing-power were more essential than accuracy.
In addition to bows and arrows, they used lances and war-clubs of various designs. Some clubs were wooden, but the favorite type was a stone-headed skull-cracker, attached to the half by a short thong so that the stone head swung freely from the handle.
For killing small game, such as rabbits, these Indians—as well as many others of the Southwest—employed a form of boomerang. They were not so abruptly curved as the Australians’ weapons, and did not return to the thrower; but they could be thrown with great force, and with remarkable accuracy by the Indians. Although “horse Indians”, the majority of the “Apaches” were not such splendid riders as the Comanches, Sioux, Cheyennes and other plains tribes, and were notoriously cruel to their ponies—or perhaps regardless of their ponies’ welfare is a fairer way of putting it.
IN ADDITION to the Coyoteros, Chiricahuas, Tontos, and other tribes classed as “Apaches”, there were many totally different Indians in our Southwest. Among these were the Lipans, the Kiowa-Apaches, the Pimas and Yumas, the Papagos, the Mohaves, Cahitas, Mayos, Arivaipai, Havasupai, and others. All, or nearly all, of these were often called “Apaches” by the whites—for, to the average white settler, any Indian with a rag about his short hair, and wearing high moccasins with upturned toes, was an Apache and a hostile.
Many of the tribes I have named were perfectly peaceful and friendly, while others were warlike and enemies of the whites—as well as of other tribes. Among these were the Lipans, or Naizan as they called themselves, who caused a great deal of trouble on both sides of the border. Pure nomads, they originally inhabited New Mexicoand northern Mexico from the Rio Grande through Texas to the Gulf- coast. They were feared and dreaded for their depredations in Texas as well as in Mexico, and from 1845 until 1856 they were constantly at war with the Texans until finally driven off with heavy losses.
Taking refuge in Coahuila, Mexico, they joined the Kickapoos and raided, destroyed, and killed over a wide area. Eventually, having been reduced to a small remnant by their losses in warfare, and by smallpox, the nineteen known survivors returned to the United States in 1905, and were placed on the Mescalero reservation together with a few of the tribe who had remained in the States. They took readily to civilization and farming, but it is doubtful if a pure-blooded Lipan is alive today.
Another of these Southwestern tribes were the Yumas or Kwichans, who inhabited both sides of the Colorado River, They were a superior race physically, and when need arose they were most savage and valiant fighters; but they were not warlike, and dwelt in permanent villages and cultivated crops of fruits and vegetables. Although often included among the “Apaches”, the Yumas were never troublesome to the whites. Still other Southwestern tribes were the Pimas and Papagos, both of the same ancestral stock but differing greatly in many respects. Peaceful, agricultural people the Pimas gave no trouble, and are famed for their beautifully-woven baskets that are considered among the finest and best of all Indian baskets.
The Papagos or “Papah-Ootum” meaning “Bean People” originally inhabited Arizona in the vicinity of Tucson and southward into Sonora, Mexico. They subsisted by agriculture, their main crops being maize, beans, and cotton which they irrigated. But many wild plants were eaten, the most important being the mesquite beans and the fruits of cacti which were made into syrup and also into an alcoholic liquor. Nowadays they cultivate large fields of barley, and are also stock-raisers. Many of the men are employed as section-hands on railways or work on irrigation systems. They are a dark-skinned race, tall and hardy, industrious and honest and have always been friendly.
Very different were the Arivaipais, probably the most incongruously-named of all Indians, for their own name is “Ari-vapa” meaning “Girls”, although they were a very warlike and usually hostile tribe dwelling in the Arivaipa Canyon of Arizona, and usually included among the “Apaches”. The surviving members of the tribe are now on the San Carlos and FortApache reservations, and are peaceful ranchers and farmers.
Totally unlike the Arivaipais were the Havasupai or “People of the sky-blue Water” who were also of Yuma stock, and lived in the CataractCanyonof the Colorado in northwestern Arizona. Originally pueblo-builders with permanent adobe villages, they were so subject to enemy raids that they took to the almost-inaccessible mountains, where they dwelt in caves during the winter, and in wattled huts during the summer. They were, and are, a very quiet, peaceful, sedentary tribe of agricultural Indians. They make superior baskets, and are famous for the high quality of their tanned buckskin but have never made good pottery, obtaining what they need by trading with the Hopis and other Pueblo Indians.
LARGEST and most warlike of all the Yuman tribes were the Mohaves, who inhabited both sides of the Rio Grande. Physically they are a very superior race and were famed for the elaborate painting of their bodies. Tattooing was universal among them, but was restricted to small areas. Although primarily agricultural and dwelling in square houses with low walls and flat roofs of brush covered with sand, yet they were savage fighters in defense of their lands and homes, and were frequently at war with the whites—who included them among the so-called Apaches.
Still another of these “Apache” tribes was the Kiowa-Apache, or “Na-i-shan-dina" meaning "We (or our) People”. Known to the Pawnees as the “Kaskaia” or “Bad Hearts” and to the Kiowas as the “Senat” or “Thieves” they were confused with both the true Kiowas and the “Apaches” by the whites although they are distinct from either, with a different language and customs. They have no relationship with the true “Apache” tribes, and had never even heard of the latter until about 1800. Although they became friendly with the Mescaleros, they were their most bitter foes for many years, but allied themselves with the true Kiowas.
Like the latter, their original home was in the northwest plains area, and they are of Shoshonean stock. Although allied with the Kiowas for mutual protection, and on friendly terms with the Mescaleros, they caused little trouble as a tribe and have been friendly with the whites since 1874.
Although, in the minds of most persons, the “Apaches” were the last word when it came to fiercely-fighting Indians, and enemies of the whites, yet the Kiowas and the Comanches were more feared and caused more deaths and destruction than the Apaches proper.
In the beginning, the Kiowas were peacefully-inclined toward their white neighbors, but they soon realized that it was a question of being exterminated or of wiping out the whites; they did their level best to accomplish the latter. It is true that they failed to eliminate the whites, but the most authentic and reliable statistics prove that, in proportion to their numbers, the Kiowas killed more white persons than any one other tribe. Of a distinct linguistic stock, related to the Shoshones, the Kiowas’ original home was the area of the upper Missouri and YellowstoneRivers. For some reason, they migrated southward to the region of the Arkansasand CanadianRiversin Kansas and Colorado, and controlled large areas of Texas and eastern Arizona and raided as far south as Durango, Mexico.
Until 1840, they were allies of the Crows, and enemies of the Cheyennes, and the Arapahos, but later made peace and became allies of the latter tribes. Once having found by bitter experience that friendliness with the whites resulted only in their undoing, they carried on a relentless war throughout the entire area. Fearless and valiant fighters, and splendid riders, they became famed for their ferocity and were deemed the most bloodthirsty of all the western Indians by both whites and the other tribes.
Their first treaty with the whites was signed in 1837 and they were placed on a reservation with some Kiowa-Apaches and some other “Apache” bands. Old quarrels and enmities resulted in the breaking of promises, and ill-treatment by the Indian agents led to discontent and trouble. In 1874 they left the reservation and, joining the Comanches, went on the warpath. But despite their fighting abilities they  were doomed. Large numbers of their warriors were killed in battle, and over 300 died from an epidemic of measles. Having finally signed a lasting treaty of peace, the survivors settled on lands allotted to them and took to farming and ranching.
ALTHOUGH the Comanche war never attracted public attention to the extent of the Apache wars, yet in many ways it was a more disastrous war than our campaigns against the latter. As was the case with the “Apaches”, the whites applied the name “Comanche” to several tribes or bands forming a confederacy somewhat like that of the Dakotas.
Among the most important of these were the Yamarikasor “Root Eaters”, the Kutsptekas or “Buffalo Eaters”, the Kuahadies or “Antelope Eaters”, the Penetakas or “Honey Eaters”, and the Hokomies or “Wanderers”. All were, like the Kiowas, of Shoshonean stock and are considered offshoots of the true Shoshones of Wyoming, Both tribes speak the same dialect, and until quite recent times the two tribes were affiliated. Moreover, the traditions of the Comanches state that their original home was in the far Northwest.
During the early part of the Nineteenth Century they roamed over much of Kansas, Colorado, Texas, and Oklahoma. As a rule they were friendly and peaceful toward the Americans, but were bitter enemies of the Mexicans with whom they waged constant warfare for nearly two hundred years, raiding deeply into Mexico. When the Texans declared their independence and fought with the Mexicans, the Comanches took sides with the Americans; regardless of this the Texans took possession of the Comanches’ best lands, and drove off the Indians who then added the Texans to their enemy list. For nearly forty years they waged war with the whites. Although their first treaty was signed in 1835, it was not until 1874-75 that, with the Kiowas and Kiowa-Apaches, the Comanches settled on a reservation between the Red and WashitaRiversin Oklahoma.
Despite the fact that they actually were a rather small tribe, by comparison with the Dakotas, the Cheyennes, and others, the speed of their movements, and the long distances between their raids, gave the impression of having far more warriors than actually was the case.
Regarded as the finest of all Indian cavalry, and possessing a great knowledge of military strategy, they struck swiftly, suddenly, where least expected, and disappeared before the surprised settlers or soldiers could mount and give chase. Unlike the majority of the plains tribes, they did not have large fixed base-camps when at war, but moved—bag and baggage, from spot to spot. When too closely pressed, they would slip cross the border and play merry hell with the Mexicans for a change. When at last, with the signing of the treaty of 1874-75, the Comanche War came to an end, the tribe had become greatly reduced by smallpox, cholera, and losses of braves; it is very doubtful if over 1000 pure-blooded Comanches are now living.
Recklessly brave, proud, and famed as the finest horsemen of the plains, the Comanches were noted for their high sense of honor, their truthfulness, their steadfast friendships, and implacable hatreds. Their language, sonorous, rich, and less difficult to learn than most Indian dialects, has become the trade-talk or “lingua-franca” of the Southwest.
Unlike the Kiowas, who were inclined to be tall, lithe and splendidly-built, the Comanches as a rule, were of the rather short, stocky type with heavily-muscled chests and shoulders— and often with a stoop that gave the effect of a slight curvature of the spine. Both tribes were lighter in color than the average “Apaches” and, as might be expected from their racial affinities and origins, the habits, customs, crafts, and costumes of the two tribes more closely resembled those of the more northerly plains Indians than those of other southwestern tribes.
ALTHOUGH, like the majority of plains Indians, they discarded all garments other than breechcloth and moccasins when hunting or fighting, when at home they wore fringed and beautifully-beaded buckskin tunics and leggings, with moccasins of the conventional hard-soled, soft uppers type. Although at times—as at dances and ceremonials—they wore the usual plains Indians’ feather bonnet, they had numerous typical forms of headdresses of their own, and were partial to upstanding “roaches” of dyed hair and feathers. Caps of otter or other skin with the fur on, and with feather plumes and “tails”, were popular; frequently the entire headskin of an antelope, with horns intact and fringed and crowned with feathers, was worn.
When on the warpath, they usually contented themselves with a hair-plume of one or two eagle feathers at the back of the head. Before they possessed firearms, their weapons were lances—often fourteen to fifteen feet in length—war-clubs (stone-headed skull-crackers), and powerful, well-made double-curved bows and heavy, rather short arrows.
Both the Kiowas and Comanches were very fond of ceremonials and dances, their most attractive dance being the “Eagle dance”, in which the dancers carried wands edged with eagle feathers which they moved and swung about like wings, at the same time going through very graceful and intricate movements imitating an eagle about to take flight.
Although the Comanches are thoroughly civilized, they still keep up their old tribal dances—partly for their own pleasure and as ceremonies, and also as a drawing-card for tourists.

Kayo, Young Porcupine and Hope For Wildlife

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Kayo, Young Porcupine and Hope For Wildlife
23 August 2014 - Kayo, our young dog encountered a porcupine about a week before these pictures. The result was but three quills in his lips. We had not seen the porcupine at that time or since until the dog was barking at something in the woodshed one Saturday. Gail investigated and yes, there was a porcupine there. She called 'Hope For Wildlife' an animal rescue facility—we planned and did visit them on their yearly open house the next day.
Within about two hours they had volunteers who removed this young rascal.

'Hope For Wildlife' has a Nationally televised TV show and is a recognized charity as well. Thank you so much for taking him away before Kayo met up with him again!


Indian Games and How to Play Them

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Indian Games and How to Play Them
By El Comancho
Illustrations by H. T. Denison
From The American Boy magazine, October 1916. Digitized by Doug Frizzle, October 2014.



WHEN I was “growing up,” I lived west of the Missouri River. The country was very new then and white boys were few and far between, so most of my playmates were Indian boys. Many times I have entered into their sports and games and been one of them as nearly as it is possible for white to turn red.
These games were of two sorts, the outdoor, athletic game, which was mostly based on animals and their ways; and the indoor game, which usually was some guessing game based on combinations of numbers, something like dice throwing or dominoes.
The outdoor games were the favorites and by far the more popular and as these can be played by white boys as well. I will describe several of them, telling in detail how we played them.
The Deer and Wolves
“THE DEER AND WOLVES” was a great favorite and we played it always in the winter when there was snow on the ground. For the “deer” we picked the fastest runner we could get among all the boys and gave him an hour’s start ahead of the “wolves.”
The "deer” then left camp and went where he pleased, usually in a big circle at least a mile away from camp. He was to imitate the traveling habits of the deer, to do as nearly like a deer as he could if the deer were roaming about.
He would therefore go to the roughest bit of near-by country he could find and there wind about from one deer feeding ground to another, going through thickets, possibly crossing or following streams, passing over hills and valleys, and wandering about just as would a deer as nearly as he could.
Of course, wherever he went he left a trail in the snow and it was fair and part of the game for him to do anything to break or hide this trail that he could, for the “wolves” must follow the trail to catch him.
The “deer” could double back on his trail, jump down off of a bank to rocks or bare ground, wade in a stream or do any like thing to lose his trail and thus throw the “wolves” off the scent and escape. But he must not come nearer to camp than a mile away until he was seen by the “wolves” who trailed him.
The “wolves” left camp about an hour later than the “deer” and they had to follow the “deer trail” until they saw the “deer,” then they chased him into camp or caught him before he reached camp if they could. When the “wolves” sighted him, the “deer” would run for camp as hard as he could go, to keep away from them.
If, on the way to camp, the “deer” could get out of sight, say in timber or under a high bank, etc., then he could dodge and double about and thus escape any way he could by throwing the “wolves” off the trail again. The "wolves” could run “by sight” only when they could see the “deer” and at all other times they must follow the trail.
This gave a fine chance for a clever boy to double and dodge and to use woodcraft knowledge to so confuse his trail that the “wolf pack” could not find it and would have to give up beaten sometimes. If any of the “wolf pack” could touch the “deer” before he could reach camp, they thereby killed the “deer” and so won the game, and if the “deer” could get to camp ahead of the “wolves” after they caught sight of him a mile or more from camp, then the “deer” won. It was a good hunting game and was always played with lots of vim and excitement, for it very closely duplicated an actual deer hunt and every Indian boy is a keen hunter.
The Buffaloand Wolves
“THE BUFFALO AND WOLVES” game was another popular one that we played in camp and it called for about the same rough and tumble tactics that modern football does, only in a different way. This game was, like the other, based on animal habits. When wolves attack buffalo, the buffalo bunch thickly together, the calves and weaker animals being in the center of the herd, with the older, stronger buffalo forming a circle around them. The outer ring of buffalo all stand pressed back against the herd behind them, thus presenting a solid front of heads, horns and hoofs to the wolf pack and it is a wise wolf or a very strong or exceptionally quick one that can dodge through that circle and drag down a call' in the middle of the herd without being trampled or gored.
Our “Wolf and Buffalo” game enacted these animal habits in this way: All of the smaller boys who wanted to play were bunched together in the center to represent the calves, then the older, stronger ones who took the part of the buffalo formed a circle facing out around the smaller boys.
Those taking the part of wolves circled around outside the “herd,” trying to get a chance to break through and grab a "calf” and pull him outside the circle.
The players representing the circle of buffalo prevented this by “bunting” at the “wolves,” either with their heads or shoulders. They could not, under the rules of the game, use their hands to take hold of a “wolf” but must defend by “bunting” just as the real buffalo did. They could also trample the wolves, using their feet to block the rush of a "wolf” or to trip him and tumble him over, but handholds were barred for the “buffalo,” although a wolf could use his hands for any purpose a real wolf would use his teeth for.
Sometimes we had pretty exciting times at one of these games, especially when some good smart boy led the "wolf pack” and planned his attacks so that he used the weight of numbers to rush the “buffalo” on one side of the circle while a few of the “wolf band” slipped around on the other side and by quick work broke through the circle and got a “calf” before the “herd” could rally and prevent them.
The Wolves and Badger Game
IN “The Wolves and Badger” game, one boy took the part of the badger and all the rest were “wolves.” The “badger” would back into an angle of a steep bank along the river, or he would back down feet first into an old coyote hole until only his head and shoulders were outside. The idea was to imitate the real badger, which always backs into his hole until only his head is outside, and there he stays to fight it out with any intruder.
In our game the “badger” followed the same tactics by taking a position where no one could get behind him. It was then up to the “wolves” to “pull him out of his hole,” which was a big job if the “badger” was a quick, strong boy in such a position that he could brace his knees against something to hold himself from being pulled out.
I know one boy who managed to hold his position in an old coyote hole for over three hours while at least twenty of us worked as hard as we could to get him out.
In “The Wolves and Porcupine” game, one boy sits down, clasps his arms tightly about his knees, puts his head down and “doubles up in a knot” just as tight as he can to represent the disturbed porcupine. The “wolves” then roll him about and pull at his arms and legs in an effort to break his hold and so “straighten him out.” If you think it is an easy task to do this, just let some strong athletic boy play the porcupine and a dozen or so of the rest of you try to get him straightened out and then keep him that way, for the "porcupine” can break your hold and “double up” again if he gets the chance.
To win, the “wolves” must put the “porcupine” flat on his back, with legs and arms extended flat, then hold him there long enough to show that he is beaten. If the “porcupine” can twist loose and double up again before he is "flattened out.” the wolves have their work all to do over again! It is a rough and tumble kind of a game that teaches speed and exercises every muscle in every player.
The Wheel and Arrow Game
“THE WHEEL AND ARROW” game was played two ways, sometimes as a summer game, but oftener on hard snow for a winter game. If one or two persons play, it is a running game, and if “sides” play, it becomes a standing game. To play it, a hoop of wood is used. This hoop can be any size, though the smaller it is the more difficult the game. I have seen one of not more than six inches in diameter used; but a foot is about the usual measure.
The hoop is rolled along the ground and the player tries to throw an arrow (or small arrow-like stick) through the rolling-hoop without touching the hoop. If only one is playing, he must roll the hoop and then run up alongside and throw his arrow. If several players play at once, they form in two lines facing each other and about forty feet apart. The hoop is then rolled down between the lines, each player throwing his arrow as it passes him.
The arrows are thrown like a spear and a very quick player can throw as high as four arrows as the hoop passes him. If the arrow goes through clean, without touching, the player scores; if the arrow touches the hoop anywhere, the play counts a foul and takes off one from the player’s score. The score can be any number, though it is usually set at ten.
"The Snow-Snakes” game is a trial of strength and skill. It is played in the winter on smooth crusted snow, usually on a level place or on a very slight down grade. The “snow-snakes” are simply peeled willow or other straight growing shoots or saplings, bluntly pointed at the large end. They may be any size or length to suit the player and each player usually has a dozen of so of them.
The players stand in line and throw these sticks just as they would throw spears, except that the sticks should strike the snow as flat as it is possible to make them do so. They should never strike in such a manner as to bury the head or big end, because this stops them; or they may penetrate the snow, or slide along under it and become lost.
The whole idea of “The Snow-Snakes” game is to throw the stick so it will slide, heavy end first, along the top of the snow just as far as possible. The "snow-snake” that is the greatest distance from the throwing line when all players have thrown all their “snake” sticks is the winning throw.
Indoor Games
FOR indoor games we threw bone or beaver tooth dice and counted on the combinations of marks or spots that were upward, just as white people throw dice. We also played “The Sing-Gamble” game without the gambling that went with it when the grown-ups played it. This was a simple guessing game wherein the player held a short stick in each hand and changed them from hand to hand swiftly in time with a chant. One stick had all the bark peeled off and the other was peeled except for a thin ring of bark in the center.
The game was to guess where the ringed stick was, a correct guess winning for the guesser and an incorrect guess losing a point. This game was played either as a ten point or as a one hundred point game. Sometimes only two players played at it, sometimes “sides” were engaged and it became exciting.
Of course, we had numerous ball games of one kind or another, but none of them at all like baseball. Ball games were usually of the pitch and catch order or based on throwing distance.

I do not remember of ever having seen a “bat” used in connection with Indian ball play anywhere, in the sense of our baseball usage.

Railway Building in the Wilderness -Part 3

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RailwayBuilding in the Wilderness -Part 3
By Lacey Amy
From The Wide World magazine, Vol. XL, November 1917. Digitized by Doug Frizzle, October 2014.

When men set out to drive a railway through virgin territory they find themselves confronted with all sorts of difficulties and dangers, and almost every mile of the steel pays a toll of human life. In these absorbing articles Mr. Amy describes the construction of the Grand Trunk Pacific, the second great transcontinental line to pierce the Canadian Rockies. The road had to be carried across practically unknown country, through hundreds of miles of mountains that had never been named, never even been seen save by a few daring explorers and Indian hunters. The Author gives us a vivid idea of the human side of this great achievement, and the countless perils that swelled the casualty lists before the work was finally accomplished.

FROM Fitzhugh we slowly and laboriously climbed the YellowheadPass along the MietteRiver. Ours was the first train of passenger cars to cross the summit of the Rockies on the new transcontinental railway, the Grand Trunk Pacific, then under construction. In front were three cars of “bohunks,” and at the rear three private cars, one belonging to the Government, one to the superintendent of the division, the third—an overlong affair for such an untried railway—contained a canoe, supplies for a month, and the fishing and hunting outfit of my own little party of three.
That night, after the engineers and officials had departed on the motor-boat down the Fraser to inspect an engineering difficulty that was the reason for their presence, I crept back two miles from the construction camp to the engineers' camp pitched close to the end-of-steel village for that section of line—Mile 51, as it was termed officially; Sand Creek, as it was called by the citizens and “bohunks.”
Soon after darkness fell, in company with an engineer, I clambered down the gravel bank to the village in search of new experiences. I was not disappointed!
The night life of the place was only just commencing. “Bohunks” were wandering in by scores from the end of the street nearest the construction camp, and the “merchants” were busy hanging out their lamps and extending the word of greeting that would entice their prey within. As we approached a brightly-lighted “restaurant,” a small crowd was leisurely gathering before the door. Just as we reached its edge two madly-fighting men came plunging and staggering out, biting, tearing, and kicking, in wilderness fighting the vanquished stands a good chance of never being able to fight again.
There was no interference from the crowd, and no undue excitement, although it was composed of the mates of one of the combatants, a “bohunk,” while the other—the owner of the restaurant—was one of the human vultures who preyed on them all. For a couple of minutes the pair struggled on the steps of the store, panting, cursing, trying by every means, fair and foul, to disable one another. Suddenly the restaurant proprietor heaved his opponent aside, reached swiftly inside the door, and drew out a piece of wood resembling a rough chair-leg. The “bohunk” saw his peril too late. With a crash that seemed to be the expression of every ounce of strength in the wielder’s arms, the heavy club descended on the “bohunk’s” head, and he sank to the ground without a murmur. The victor merely shook his disturbed clothing into place, and stepped calmly back into his store, while the unconscious “bohunk’s” friends carried him silently and dispassionately across the street to a foul-looking shack with a sign reading, “Free Bunk House.”
My engineer friend took me by the arm with a short, nervous laugh and led me away.
“You’ll have to get used to it,” he warned me, “if you’re going to make the acquaintance of the end-of-steel village. I’ve seen uglier things than that many a time. To interfere would be your death, and not a man of the crowd but would say it served you right.”
Next morning I wandered down into the village with my camera. Never was there a quieter, more respectable hamlet. Scarcely a sign of life showed in the streets, and most of the windows were covered with heavy cloths to exclude the light. Sand Creek, by day, was asleep—getting ready for the night’s operations. The “bohunks” were somewhere miles away, yawning over their picks and shovels, but looking forward to the coming night’s revelry.
A cowboy cantered up the almost trackless street—a strange sight in the mountains, hundreds of miles from the nearest ranch. He pulled up beside me, and I learned that he was one of the cattle contractor’s men, occupied with the care of a herd of five hundred cattle, which he and his mates had driven in over four hundred miles of prairie trail and mountain “tote road” to feed the railway workers.
That night I determined to obtain a closer acquaintance with the village life. At its farther end stood one of the usual restaurants, a mere blind for what went on inside. Mingling in the darkness with a group of “bohunks,” I entered a side door and found myself in a large room filled with men seated at card-tables. As inconspicuously as possible, I slid into a chair near the door and looked about me. For a minute I seemed to be unnoticed. There were a dozen tables in the room, and the air was already thick with smoke, the abrupt words of men who must play together though ignorant of one another’s language, harsh laughter, and the clinking of bottles. The tables were home-made, the cards inconceivably filthy, and before most of the men stood bottles or tin cups.
A silence had fallen on the table nearest me, but it was the entrance of the proprietor with a tray of bottles that seemed to direct general attention to me. I recalled immediately that whisky was forbidden in the Pass, and no one had yet given me a passport to the confidence of these men. Low murmurs began to cut off the loud talk and laughter, and, looking about as carelessly as I could, I noted that every eye was on me. The proprietor was standing with the loaded tray, staring at me malignantly. Abruptly he turned and passed back to the unseen regions whence he had come. Instantly voices were raised in a dozen languages. Not a man was playing. I began to feel the barometer falling ominously, and mentally calculated the distance to the door.
From a distant table a burly “bohunk” rose impetuously and ploughed angrily towards me, upsetting a couple of chairs on the way. Somehow, even in the menace of the moment, his movements seemed theatrical, exaggerated. Then I saw that he was a Pole whose wounded leg I had the day before bound up. With violent gesticulation and thunderous talk—not a word of which I understood, of course—he towered over me. The others in the room were adding to the hubbub. In the midst of it the Pole managed to mutter anxiously, “You go! you go!” Dropping his hand heavily on my shoulder, he pushed me with seeming roughness to the door, and a moment later I was out in the dark, only the lights farther up the street reminding me that I was in uncongenial surroundings.
The next day I discovered a different atmosphere greeting me throughout the village. Someone—I suspect the engineer, subtly assisted by the Pole—had spread the word that I was safe, and the first merchant I met revealed that my mission in the YellowheadPass was known and understood. After that I came and went almost as I wished, every door open to me, everyone eager to put himself out of the way to furnish me with information.
The end-of-steel village is, I suppose, known nowhere else in the world except America, and nowhere else in America except where a railway is cutting its way through untracked wilds. The real end-of-steel village in all its glory cropped up only along the grade of the Grand Trunk Pacific. Its predecessor, the Canadian Pacific Railway, was constructed at a different period in Canadian history, and in the time of the Canadian Northern, which closely followed the Grand Trunk Pacific, the law had had sufficient experience to cope with the evil.
As its name intimates, the end-of-steel village is built at, or near, the “end of steel,” the phase of railway construction where the rails end for the time being until the grade ahead is prepared for a further extension. The grade which precedes the laying of steel advances much more slowly, of course, than the rails themselves. A stretch of twenty to twenty-five miles of grade may occupy thousands of men six months—I refer to the work through the Rocky Mountains—while the steel, when the time comes, will overtake it by modern methods in a fortnight.
The rails are laid by a mechanical tracklayer known as the “pioneer.” This consists of a train that lays its own rails as is advances, sometimes at the rate of three miles a day.
The “pioneer” is a crude-looking but really wonderful mechanical invention. The car which does the major part of the work is at the front of a train on which is carried every piece of material necessary, from the sleepers to the “shims” that temporarily level the rails and the spikes that fasten them in place.
With a sufficient stretch of completed grade ahead of it to justify its operations, the “pioneer” takes up its work, and when it has overtaken the labouring gang ahead it lies up for five or six months until another stretch of grade calls it again into action. Where the “pioneer” rests there springs up the end-of-steel village.
Somewhere within a few miles is the construction camp that houses the thousands of “bohunks” working on the grade—the source of patronage for the village. Canadian law dictates that the head contractors shall have complete jurisdiction in wild lands over everything within a mile radius of their camps, and the end-of-steel village, therefore, establishes itself somewhere as close to the limits of that area as conditions of water and other surroundings permit.
Ostensibly made up of stores or legitimate amusements only, the sales of merchandise are trifling to the amount of money expended in the village. Three or four general stores may make a very good living from the sale of boots and clothing, cheap confectionery, and tobacco, always at extortionate prices; but the score of other places of business are almost always ‘‘restaurants.” I put the word in quotation marks because the sale of food is but an advertisement for the front eighth of the space within. Behind a rough, oil-clothed counter is a limited array of leathery pies and a few cups for recklessly brewed tea, but the real business is done farther back.
Sand Creek, for instance, boasted of three general stores, half-a-dozen announcing the sale of tobaccos, candies, and “soft” drinks, and twelve “restaurants.” There was also a bath house—“Larson’s Bath House, Price 50c.,” and later reduced to twenty-five—but bathing does not figure extensively in the life of the “bohunk,” and the bath house finally closed through lack of patronage. Larson must have been an optimist.
The small area of the shacks devoted to the restaurant business was always backed by a pool or card room, sometimes by both. In Sand Creek there were eight “pool halls,” the total number of tables in the village being something like forty. Six of the restaurants were merely entrances to pool halls, three to card rooms, the other three were careful to offer no opportunities for examination.
There was one common offering of every building in an end-of-steel village. Anyone known to the proprietor, or obviously a “bohunk,” could poison himself with the vilest alcoholic beverage human ingenuity ever concocted. It was prepared not so much for deception—the “bohunk” was too experienced to be deceived— but to provide in the least amount of liquid all the sensations of a glorious “spree.” After results were immaterial. The “bohunk ” entered the shop, threw down a handful of money on the counter, and proceeded to incapacitate himself and ruin his constitution. After a very few glasses, before the stock in hand was seriously depleted, he was beyond the worries of this life.
At this stage began the usefulness of the only other structures in the village—the “Free Bunk Houses." These were Samaritan efforts on the part of the contractors to sustain the “bohunk” for further work on the grade. There were two in Sand Creek—mere piles of logs roofed with earth, and fitted inside with straw-covered bunks. Into these, when the “bohunk" became incapable of imbibing or paying for more liquor, he was carried by his less helpless mates. Usually he was in condition to imitate a labourer in the morning, for his interior had been calloused by a life of such risks. The contractors acknowledged their inability to deal with the situation in any other way, and the “bohunk” saw no reason for a change. There was nothing else in all the wide world of his experience but to spend his money on that which gave him momentary sensations that seemed pleasant, and nobody was to blame if these sensations were certain to make a physical wreck of him in a few years.
The appearance of an end-of-steel village is illuminating as to its character. Simplicity is the keynote—simplicity meaning neglect of every convenience that it is possible to do without. Trees grew everywhere in the YellowheadPass, and the construction of a shack merely meant the felling of a few spruce trees and their preparation with an axe. When a village was abandoned the most important parts for the next village, the canvas roofs, were lifted off, rolled up, and carried to the new site. In the Rockiesthere were three end-of-steel villages of the lawless type—one at Mile 5, five miles beyond the summit, the next at Mile 29, and the one I knew in its prime, at Mile 51. Each deserted one stood as it was left, save for the canvas roofs.
Of course there were end-of-steel villages before the summit was reached, but the mounted police of the prairie provincessaw to it that the law was decently observed. At the summit, the boundary of British Columbia, the jurisdiction of the mounted police ended, and thereafter the end-of-steel village flourished and grew fat.
The one at Mile 29 is reputed to have been the worst of the lot. When I was in the Pass it was still operating, but the business had passed along to Sand Creek, and Mile 29 was dying a slow death. What reason there was for its continued existence was not apparent its only open trade was with a near-by engineers’ camp, and with the wandering “bohunk” on his way in or out. Its real trade was underground, and it died hard. I visited it first on a Sunday afternoon. A number of young fellows lounged before a store, and a few were tossing a baseball about the street. A quarter of a mile from its outskirts a lonely police hut edged the path, an indolent policeman yawning in the doorway as a memory of days when life was swifter and more exciting.
There was, however, another village that sprang from a combination of conditions. It was not, strictly speaking, an end-of-steel village, for it did not owe its origin to the “pioneer.” But it included every other characteristic to its worst form, and was sufficiently near to the main construction camp at Mile 53 to provide counter-attractions to Sand Creek. Indeed, on Saturday nights Sand Creek almost closed up to move over to Tête Jaune Cache to join in the fun.
Tête Jaune Cache—pronounced locally “T. John”—was an offspring of the old Indian village of that name which had been located in the TêteJauneValley, between the Rockies and the Selkirks, long before the coming of the white man. The collection of tepees invited the advances of the early white man looking for a location whence he could prey on the “bohunk," and there arose a new village bordering the Indian one. It was practically a one-night-a-week place. Its “mayoress”—self-appointed, of course—was a stalwart negress. The village was more than a mile from grade, but its location on the tote road brought it custom long before the steel arrived, and the promised coming of the next transcontinental, the Canadian Northern, close by its doors, gave it reason for continuing in active operation even when the best trade from the Grand Trunk Pacific had passed.
The weekly event that drew every “bohunk" almost every human being within ten miles who could secure the means of getting there—was the Saturday night dance. For this every conveyance in the camps was called into service, and those who could not ride started early on foot. The fare by wagon from Sand Creek, only two miles away, was two dollars, a sum willingly paid by many times the number who could be accommodated. The female portion of the gathering consisted of the dance-hall girls and the few other women of the surrounding camps and villages. There was no class distinction there; now and then even the engineers went. The affair lasted from eight at night until weariness came with daylight, something like six o’clock the next morning.
The mistress of ceremonies was the negress, and her income for the night must have run into hundreds of dollars from the dancing alone. In addition she ran an open bar and other things that give such a village its reputation. Usually she was capable of handling the uproar and riot without more than the consequences to be expected, but sometimes her art failed.
I heard from a variety of sources the story of a fight that must have been a record even in the YellowheadPass. One day I was attracted by a huge figure of a man swinging down the railway towards me, six feet four, square-shouldered and heavy-jawed, handsome and clear-eyed. He wore no coat, and his khaki trousers were thrust into high prospector’s boots. In every movement was tremendous strength and agility. We met on the bridge spanning the McLellanRiver, then under construction, and I learned to know much of him in the days that followed. This man, a bridge foreman, was the hero of the story.
One Saturday night he secured a seat in the Sand Creek rigs and joined the crowd at the Tête Jaune Cache dance. I suppose his handsome face and easy manner won him any partner he wished; at any rate, the “bohunks,” egged on by the negress, began to feel the pangs of jealousy. He was the man to revel in it, recklessly, laughingly, and revenge came swiftly. Someone sneaked up behind him and banged him over the head with a weapon too thick for his skull, and he went down unconscious. In that condition they kicked him out.
The following Saturday he was on hand again, this time with a powerful engineer friend as companion. The row commenced early. Then, back to back, the only two “white men” in the room faced the mob of murderous “bohunks.” Their salvation, counted on beforehand, was that the very density of the crowd prevented the use of guns, and they were prepared for anything else. One after another they laid out the attacking “bohunks” with their fists, both being experienced boxers and possessed of enough muscle and weight to make one blow sufficient for each opponent. Against the one or two knives that appeared they used their feet, but some sense of fair play held back weapons of that kind.
Seeing her business interfered with, the negress with a scream of rage hurled herself against the bridge foreman. It seemed that he was waiting for that. He caught her round the waist, threw his muscles into the heave, and slammed her up against the board partition at the side of the room. With a crash the whole wall fell, and in a minute the room was empty save for the two victors and the groaning negress. The two men trudged home satisfied. The “bohunk” requires his lesson periodically.
Spite of the hideous nature of the life they led, the citizens of the end-of-steel village retained for it a peculiar affection and loyalty, as well as a frank pride in the notoriety they assisted in winning for it. That it shifted its location every six months did not lessen the feeling. The proprietor of the largest store in Sand Creek grew sentimental when recalling past glories and the imminent completion of the railway. For two years he had been reaping the inordinate profits of his trade among the “bohunks,” and his little family had grown and increased since he had come up from a western American town. The big sign that fronted his store—painted away back in civilization for a store of more pretentious proportions—was a matter of personal pride to him. Neglecting no opportunity for augmenting his earnings, he had attached in conspicuous places about the doorway additional evidences of varied aptitude and offerings, the laborious products of his own uneducated hand: “Cider,” “Shooting Gallary,” “Resturant,” “Shoes Repared Here." With kindly pride he begged me to call upon him for anything I wanted. The limit of his fraternity came when his little boy brought to the engineers’ camp for me a specially baked blueberry pie, with the scrawled dedication,
“Four the nu man. John S—.” But these things happened in the light of day, when the end-of-steel village was just like any other hamlet of such modest pretensions.

There will never be another end-of-steel village in Canada worthy of the name. The smuggling of liquor is now more difficult in a country that has “gone dry” almost from coast to coast, and Governments have learned that something more than law enforcement by trust or proxy is necessary where thousands of the most undisciplined races of the world are shut off from the subduing influence of civilization and thrown on their own resources. And soon the most lurid chapters in Canadian development will be but a memory to those well-intentioned officials who were forced to accept conditions as they found them, as well as to those few of us from the “outside” who unofficially looked on in the feverish days that started and ended with one of the greatest works of railway construction in history.

Cannibal Camp

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Cannibal Camp!
Part 5 of 12
From The Modern Boy magazine, 4 August 1934, No. 339, Vol. 14
In a blazing gulch among the mountains in unexplored Africa the Cooking Pots are got ready for CAPTAIN JUSTICE & CO!. . . Complete ... By MURRAY ROBERTS

Swooping Blacks!
“I MUST confess, my friends,” announced Professor Flaznagel, in his weightiest manner, “that there are several points concerning this mysterious native—this man whom we rescued last night from those appalling black cannibals— that completely baffle me!”
The celebrated old scientist backed up his statement by making an emphatic gesture with the half-roasted bone he had been chewing distastefully, and flung it away.
Then he pushed back his large, horn-rimmed spectacles, irritably patted the dirty bandage covering his unkempt thatch of white hair, and blinked solemnly at his comrades in the smoky cave, as if expecting them to register frank amazement that anything on earth should baffle Professor Flaznagel!
Captain Justice & Co. merely went on eating. Much as they respected the professor’s undoubted brilliance in all things pertaining to science, they were at present too tired, too hungry, and too absorbed in their own grim reflections to pay more than passing heed to his remarks.
Hopelessly lost in the unknown African mountains into which they had penetrated the previous evening, the famous Gentleman Adventurer and his comrades had taken refuge in this gloomy cave, high up on the rugged slopes. Once inside, all five had slumped at once into the sleep of utter exhaustion.
Thus the night and its perils had passed unnoticed—and without incident, fortunately for the castaways. For not even Justice had had sufficient energy left to sleep “with one eye open,” as was his custom. They had awakened at last, stiff with cold and starving hungry, to find the first grey streaks of dawn smearing the skies. And immediately their thoughts had turned to warmth and food.
Midge, the red-haired, lively junior member of the party, had started to light a fire, using the primitive method of chipping sparks from two flinty stones. But having chipped his hands instead, the diminutive youngster resigned in favour of Dr. O’Mally—who, after one clumsy “chip,” also gave up, and silent the next ten minutes furiously sucking a bruised thumb and mumbling strange words in his rich Irish brogue.
Len Connor had also tried his hand.
In the end it had been left to Captain Justice himself to discover the light knack, and now the fire of dampish twigs sputtered sullenly, filling the cave with smoke. But it served its purpose—warming the half-frozen five and partially cooking the eggs and the flamingo that Justice had captured on the bank of the jungle river that wound along at the foot of the mountains.
Bird and eggs, alas! had proved tough eating; but hunger is a fine sauce. And from the moment the meal began scarcely a word had been uttered until Professor Flaznagel, having blunted the edge of his appetite, leaned back and announced that he was baffled.
"Truly that native was a most magnificent specimen of humanity,” he continued, quite undisturbed by his comrades’ apathy. “But from what unknown race does he spring, Justice? For I am positive that he is a member of no known tribe. For instance, the peculiar golden tint of his skin is unique, so far as I know, among African tribes, and there was not the slightest trace of the negro about him.
“His features, indeed, were distinctly handsome—regular and refined. And his manner, particularly when he thanked us for our efforts on his behalf, was most dignified and, impressive!
"Again,” he went on, “the man’s stature was positively herculean! I am aware of course, that most African native are men of fine physique, but this man stood fully six feet six inches in his bare feet, and weighed, I judged, something like sixteen stone. Last, and most curious of all, was his weapon—a trident, Justice: a elastic weapon of ancient Greeceand Rome! Bless my soul, it is all very interesting indeed!”
“So was the way he used the weapon on one of those three blacks,” replied Justice dryly. “By James, I shouldn’t like to quarrel with such a giant unless I had a gun! Still, he seemed pretty friendly towards us after we’d rescued him and O’Mally had tended his wounds—though where he found strength to run. away like he did afterwards, goodness knows!” Justice glanced at his old friend's face and uttered a short laugh.
“Anyway, cheer up, professor! I’ve a feeling you’ll he able to study him at close quarters yet. In fact,” he added grimly, “we’re likely to hit across a whole bunch of strange natives before we’re out of these wilds—particularly as one of those black cannibals got away!”
“I sincerely trust so!” cried Flaznagel, whose curiosity always overcame discretion. “The discovery of a new race might well compensate us for the trials and hardships we are undergoing. All, well,” he quoted pompously, “ ‘Ex. Africa semper aliquid novi’—which means, my dear Midge, there is always something new out of Africa!”
"You’re telling me!” Midge grunted, squirming uncomfortably on the hard, rocky floor of the cave. “Well, the answer’s a lemon to you! There may be some things new out of this rotten country, but that don’t apply to this ancient flamingo or the eggs, take it from me! Suffering cats"—the youngster closed his eyes dreamily—“what wouldn’t I give to be having breakfast on JusticeIsland or in TitanicTowernow, with grapefruit, kidneys, bacon, coffee—”
Dr. O’Mally sat up. He mopped his bald pate and scorched Midge with a sulphurous glare.
"Arrah, hould your whisht, ye infuriating insect!” he wailed. “Must ye torment us with such thoughts, ye tantalising tadpole? Bedad, for two pins I’d—”
“Shush!” Captain Justice held up his hand, then he rose from beside the smouldering fire. He was a sad wreck of his old spruce self, in stained, ragged pyjamas and shooting boots, with a hat made of rushes tilted rakishly over one ear.
His companions were dressed in similar manner, except that the professor was wearing sandals made from the harness of one of the parachutes in which they had floated down to this desolate region from the aeroplane of the man who had marooned them there, and Midge wore a ragged jacket.
“Personally,” he said, with some bitterness, “I’d give all I possess just now for a hot bath and my shaving tackle. But here we are, cut off from friends and any chance of rescue, so we must make the best of it! Add it to the debt we already owe Mr. Xavier Kuponos, my lads! We’ll pay him in full one day!”
For a moment the captain’s Iean, tanned face darkened with fierce anger at mention of the vicious Greek gun-runner and slaver, whose fiendish plan of vengeance had plunged them into this unmapped, tropical wilderness, without proper clothing and with no food or gear or weapons, save an old single-bladed knife.
Then, pulling himself together sternly, the indomitable adventurer proceeded to issue orders for the day.
“Now, no more grousing!” he said briskly. “We’ve another stage in our eastward trek before us, so the more miles we cover in the cool of the day the better. Douse the fire, Midge, and let’s set about cleaning up this cave, for we don’t want to leave too many traces behind us. And while we’re doing so, Len, just step outside and take a careful peek around the landscape!”
“Right, skipper!”
Justice’s comrades set about their tasks willingly. And Len Connor, ducking his head and broad shoulders through the narrow entrance to the cave, stepped cautiously out into the dawn.
“Ah! Smells good!” Gratefully Len expanded his chest, filling his lungs with the cool, strong mountain air, refreshing as wine after the fuggy atmosphere of the cave. That done, he prowled forward another, few yards, and fetched up beside one of the many huge boulders that were strewn upon the slope, like monstrous marbles thrown down by a careless giant.
Above him bulked the shadowy cliffs and crags of the mountains, rising darkly up and up until their crests became lost in the cloudbanks of dawn, and spreading north and south in pile after magnificent pile of serried peaks, split by yawning valleys.
The grandeur, the magnitude of the range, seen in the shifting light, took Len’s breath away—made him feel like some helpless dwarf. After a few awed moments he was glad to rest his eyes on objects closer at hand.
From where he crouched the mountain-spur sloped sharply, a colossal wedge of stone, with its point thrusting towards the bank of the river they had crossed the previous day. White dawn-mists, faintly tinged with pink, covered the ledge below on which the castaways had rescued the golden-brown giant the evening before; and the smiling, flower-decked valley into which he had vanished afterwards lay hidden under the same clinging shroud.
No sound disturbed the solemn stillness, save once the harsh scream of an eagle as it winged its invisible way through the skies. In the east a blood-red stain across the horizon showed where the sun was rapidly breaking through.
An eerie region: wild, fantastically beautiful—and sinister! Captain Justice fancied that Kuponos had dumped them down somewhere in the stark backblocks of the Congo, but that was merely a guess, as he himself admitted. All that the comrades knew for certain was that they were stranded in one of the world’s most desolate wastelands.
Len shivered suddenly.
He felt chilled—not only by the raw coolness of the mountain breeze, but by a sharp, uncanny feeling of danger that swept over him for no apparent cause.
It was a feeling to which, unfortunately, he was no stranger now. Throughout the past forty-eight hours peril had lurked in the very air he breathed, the ground he trod upon. Len thrust out his stubborn jaw, taking a firm grip on himself, and although he scrutinised every yard of the slopes below him, keenly and methodically, not a trace of any enemy could he see.
Yet so strong at last became the sensation that something—some deadly menace—threatened the camp that involuntarily the youngster wheeled suddenly to dart back into the cave.
As he did so his heart gave one violent leap, and then almost stopped beating.
For seconds that seemed to drag into infinity he stood paralysed by the numbing shock that burst upon him. Horror robbed him of the power of movement or speech.
White to the lips, Len could only stand and stare with bulging eyes—into other eyes! Black, beady eyes, glistening with savage triumph, that peered down at him from a clutter of rocks higher up the slope above the cave-mouth.
There and then—but just a fraction too late—Len understood why his nerves had suddenly quivered like overstrung wires. The castaways were trapped!

“Torture—and the Stewpot!”
“THE blacks! The cannibals!” The dread words drummed in Len’s ears. But no sound, no hoarse cry of warning, issued from his parched throat. As in a nightmare he watched the owners of the eyes rising silently from cover—a dozen squat, powerful demons, coal-black from woolly heads to splayed-out feet.
They grinned at him, twisting their thick, loose lips into hideous grimaces as they stole down upon the lad with the same phantom-like stealth with which they had surrounded the cave.
Patiently, cunningly, the black fiends had woven their net around the worn-out castaways!
Len shouted at last. In the nick of time the invisible bands of terror, that had gripped him snapped and released his muscles and tongue.
“Look out! The blacks—the blacks!” he yelled at the full pitch of his lungs. Next instant he was fighting like a wildcat against the black avalanche that hurtled down to overwhelm him.
“Captain! Look out—run!”
Len hit out right and left. To the sound of an uncouth roar, lithe, ebony bodies seemed to materialise on all sides at once. Spear-heads, adorned with dyed tufts of hair, clashed and flicked around him. A burly brute, with sharpened, betel-reddened teeth bared in a snarl, sprang at the youngster’s throat.
Len side-stepped with a boxer's instinct, ducked under the slashing spear-shaft, then drove both fists to his antagonist’s midriff. But hitting that muscle-padded body was like punching a chunk of india-rubber.
Len’s fists bounced off. Howling madly, the black bored in, utterly indifferent to the punishing blows. Len hacked the man’s shins fiercely. He fought clear somehow, then fell, buckling up as another spear came swish across his shoulders.
“Gosh!” That gasp of agony was torn from him. So venomous was the blow that for a second Len felt as though the weapon had cut him in two. He rolled over, striking out feebly. Simultaneously the yells of the blacks increased a hundredfold as harsh, familiar voices added themselves to the din.
Dazed, half-blinded by mists of pain, Len staggered up gallantly, caught a sudden glimpse of Captain Justice and O’Mally kicking, punching, smashing with all their strength into the foes swarming round the cave-mouth. More by luck than judgment, he dodged another onslaught. Then, uttering a low sob of rage, the lad made a blind, heroic dive at a pair of sinewy legs.
But that valiant tackle failed. As Len lurched in, a terrific blow crashed down on his skull from behind. The ground, the savages—everything dissolved in a maddening whirl of fiery lights and pain. All the noises ever created seemed to explode above him, wrenching his eardrums.
Then abruptly the din faded away, the lights snapped out. And after that—darkness and silence!
Len Connor suddenly found himself dreaming. Oddly enough, he knew that the Terror was but a dream, for his plight was too ghastly to be real. Yet it persisted—so vividly as to defy his frantic efforts to wake up, to escape from the horrors pursuing him.
He saw himself running—fleeing wildly through the blistering heat of a tropic day, up an interminable slope that grew steeper with every leaden stride he took. And close to his heels howled a pack of ravenous wolves, led by a grinning monster whose face was the face of Xavier Kuponos!
Somewhere, too, he could hear Midge’s shrill voice raised imploringly, but though, in his dream, Len gazed around, he could see nothing of his chum. Then suddenly he stumbled, and as he pitched forward into nothingness the pack surged down upon him, sweeping him along. Stabs of pain darted through him as the monster’s talons dug into his back. And all the while he threshed and struggled. Midge continued to call him, till Midge’s voice rose to a quavery yell:
“Len! Len, old man, chuck it—lie still! You’re only hurting yourself more, you ass! Wake up—wake up!”
Louder, more insistently, the red-haired youngster shouted in his chum’s ears, till suddenly the ghostly pack vanished, and only the heat and the pains in his back remained.
And Len awoke at last, aroused from the grisly nightmare of sleep to the even uglier nightmare of reality. His heavy lidded eyes fluttered open as he tossed and rolled about on bare ground under a blazing sun.
For many minutes after the first shock of returning consciousness had abated a little, Len could only tremble and gasp. The torrid air, untempered by the slightest breeze, stifled him. He had to screw up his eyes against the fierce, white glare of the sun, and a dull weight seemed to have settled for keeps on the back of his head. The spear-weal across his shoulders throbbed and burned like fire.
Len groaned—less with pain than with misery—as memory returned suddenly. On its heels came the sick realisation that he had let his comrades down.
Vaguely he became aware that his wrists had been lashed together; that Midge, similarly bound, lay close beside him, with Captain Justice, O’Mally, and the professor.
“Thank the stars you’ve wakened up! We thought you were having a fit, or something! Are you hurt much, old son?” Midge muttered.
Len made no reply. His sun-scorched eyes, travelling on slowly, had focused themselves on the circle of black raiders who squatted on the ground, surrounding the luckless five.
There were more than a dozen of the black raiders now, he noticed. Ebony brutes, they sat around chewing betel-nut, gloating with primitive delight over their captives. One of them pointed his spear at Len, and the others laughed uproariously as he made some remark in a guttural tongue. Len shuddered at sight of the filed teeth they displayed when they flung back their heads and roared. He had to fight to keep himself from falling into a stupor again.
“So they got us! The black brutes, I'll—”
Overcome by a sudden gust of rage and despair, Len strained at his bonds, striving to rise and hurl himself at the chuckling savages. But his fruitless efforts merely sent them into fresh paroxysms of mirth, and increased the pain in his back, until he fell back and lay still once more.
"Och, now, take it easy, me dear lad!” Dr. O’Mally muttered. “Don’t give the blackguards the satisfaction of laughing at ye any more! They’ve got us, bad cess to ’em—the first white men they’ve ever seen, I’ll bet, and they’re making a show of us! I’m afraid we can do nothing—yet!”
Blinking the sweat from his eyes, O’Mally tried to hump himself nearer to Len. A brawny black jumped up, motioning him to lie down again, but a defiant snort was all the reply the Irishman made. Instantly a spear-blade flashed, poised aloft for a murderous thrust.
Another moment, however, just as O’Mally braced himself for the stroke, the savage changed his mind, twirled the weapon dexterously, and dealt him a jab with the butt that made the stout doctor writhe.
“Ye cowardly black imp!” he gasped, forgetful of his own advice to Len, as the rest of the blacks roared with laughter. “By th’ beard o’ St. Patrick, if I could only meet ye wid me bare hands I’d twist the ugly head off ye, so I would!”
“Stow it, doc! Save your breath!”
Captain Justice spoke for the first time, in a strained, husky voice. He looked across at Len, forcing a wry grin to his cut lips, and muttered:
“Keep, smiling, old chap! We’re not dead yet, by thunder!”
“But how did we get here? And where are we, skipper?” mumbled Len, while the blacks stopped laughing and leaned closer. So long as their captives did not stir they made few attempts to molest them. They seemed, indeed, too interested and amused by the strange language of the prisoner and whenever any of the castaways spoke the savages rolled their beady eyes, chuckling and whispering among themselves.
“As though we were a lot of chattering squirrels in a cage!” snorted Midge, staring at the biggest black and screwing up his freckled face in a grimace of contempt and wrath.
“We’re at the bottom of that gully we came across yesterday, Len—the one that opens out on to the ledge where we rescued the big fellow,” Justice said quietly. “The blacks carried you down from the cave, but they made us march at the point of the spear—after knocking the tar out of us! Sorry, boy—you’ve been unconscious for some hours now. But we hadn’t a Chinaman’s chance of rescuing you!”
Len gulped, and strove to ease his aching back.
“I know. It—it was all my fault!” he whispered miserably. “But, honest, I thought the slopes were clear—I never even smelt the cunning brutes! That screeching beggar who got away from us last night gave ’em the tip, I suppose, and this is their way of squaring up. What are they going to do with us—d’you know?”
A bleak look frosted the captain’s eyes as he gazed stonily at the ring of malevolent black faces. For a moment he failed to answer. Then:
“They’re cannibals, Len—and they’ve captured us alive,” he pointed out significantly. “They’re keeping us—for something! It isn’t hard to guess what the something is! Torture—and then the stewpot!”
Midge shuddered. But, courageous as ever, he made a desperate attempt to keep his pecker up by adding :
"I wish ’em luck, though, when they get their teeth into old Flip-doodle and Fatty O’Mally! Bet you’ll be tougher than that blinkin’ flamingo, doc!”
O’Mally breathed hard. For once, however, the portly doctor, suffering torments from the heat and flies, was too dispirited to reply. Midge’s grim jest, indeed, was the last remark uttered for some considerable time. Lack of water, combined with the buffeting they had received, and the grilling they were undergoing, sealed the prisoners’ lips more effectually than any threat or blow.
With his lanky form spreadeagled on the ground, Professor Flaznagel lay in a state of semi-coma. O’Mally and Midge dozed fitfully under the broiling sun, and Len, too, closed his eyes, steeling himself to suffer in silence.
Occasionally one of the black demons prodded them with his spear-handle, to the delight of the others, but after a convulsive start and a growl the captives gradually relapsed into torpor again.
 
“Good-bye, My Lads!”
CAPTAIN JUSTICE alone remained alert. Although it was only too horribly clear that he and his friends were in a fearfully tight jam, the famous adventurer stubbornly refused to give way to despair.
He was a fighter born; firm in his belief that no obstacle was too big to surmount, no battle lost until it was won!
Then, again, Captain Justice always held one priceless advantage over the others—toughness! Lean and wiry, his great stamina and the reserves of strength stored away in his steel-muscled body enabled him to endure extremes of heat and cold that prostrated less hardy men.
So, outwardly submissive, but actually dangerous as a cornered lynx, he lay watching the savages—watching and thinking till his brain whirled. His eyes, under down-drawn brows, darted around the camp, keen as razor-blades.
The rock-ribbed floor of the gulch was, he judged, roughly fifty yards wide. A long, straggling ravine, it was walled in by rugged bluffs of reddish rock that sparkled and glowed in the sunshine like the incandescent sides of a furnace, making an oven of the space between.
No shade existed anywhere, save at the far western end, where clumps of trees and rushes bordered a small tributary of the oily river that flowed through the jungle. And, above, the eye quailed before the menace of burnished mountain-crags that seemed to float and rock in the dancing heat-waves.
Captain Justice sighed. He certainly needed all his tenacious pluck, for his furtive observations of the enemy camp merely served to rub in the utter hopelessness of the castaways’ position.
The gulch was a natural stronghold—vulnerable to attack only from the river end. And not only had the cannibals placed three sentries down there, but more and more members of the tribe were arriving as time dragged by.
In parties of twos and threes the black warriors stalked in, to be greeted by strident yells and a clashing of spears. Each newcomer promptly took his place in the tittering circle around the white men, amusing himself by jabbing them into wakefulness as he listened eagerly to the tale of their capture and transport to the gulch.
But still no serious harm was done to the prisoners, for some reason. Though Justice noted that the cannibals’ sinister air of expectancy deepened every time a fresh arrival swaggered past the sentries into the gulch.
He dug his nails deep into the palms of his hands, forcing himself to lie quiet. The torture of suspense, of grim speculations concerning the fate in store for him, began to fray even his strong nerve.
“By James, I wish the hounds would get it over and done with!” he thought. “The beggars who nailed us were a raiding-party, I suppose, and all these other dogs who keep drifting up are scouts and hunters come to join in the fun.
“Now they’re all waiting for someone special to arrive—the chief, I’ll bet my boots, judging by their looks! And when the grand, panjandrum trails in we’ll be scuppered!”
His broad chest swelled as he gazed sadly at Midge, Flaznagel; O’Mally, and Len, lying crumpled up like so many bundles of untidy rags. The rays of the sun flayed them. O’Mally was gasping for breath. Midge feverishly licked his parched lips.
Loyal comrades all—the best and truest, of friends through thick and thin—and now they were to die in this blazing gulch! Justice had witnessed the aftermath of the cannibal feast once before, in the South Sudan. The memory set icy fingers plucking at his spine.
Goaded into making some attempt to escape, however futile, he strained quietly at his bonds. But the keen-eyed demons spotted the move almost at once, and jabbed him viciously, howling threats and abuse. So Justice, having vented his feelings in a few brisk and sailor-like remarks, fell back on his dreary thoughts again, praying fervently that death, when it did come, would be swift.
“Looks as if Xavier Kuponos is going to get all the revenge he hoped for!” the captain mused bitterly. “I’d like to have the mongrel here!” His thoughts began to ramble. “Wonder if the Flying Cloud’s out searching for us—wonder where that golden-brown giant we saved yesterday lives? Not that it matters—we’re done! Rot this cannibal chief, or whoever he is. I wish the brute would not—”
And then, as suddenly as if he had been douched with cold water, Captain Justice snapped into full wakefulness. For the discordant blare of a horn echoed through the gulch, and, to the accompaniment of gleeful yells, every black there sprang to his feet with spear upflung!
Another and larger mob of negroes had entered the gulch from the western end.
In disorderly array they shambled clumsily towards the camp; broad-shouldered, thick-legged men, with gaudy feathers prancing above their woolly heads. Grotesque designs, tattooed in flaunting colours, adorned their black, heavily muscled figures from neck to ankle! The tufts at their spearheads were longer, more flamboyant, than those of the common warriors.
In their midst, perched upon a litter made of carved and stained bamboo, they carried one of the fattest, most hideous ogres Justice & Co. had ever had the misfortune to set eyes on.
It hardly needed the barbaric screeches of the cannibals, the sparkle and clatter of waving spears, the sudden, deep rolling salute that boomed out, to tell the castaways that here at last was the supreme ruler of the fearful tribe. One glance at the brute who squatted there like some jet-black idol was sufficient for that.
Authority—cruel, tyrannical, purposeful—radiated from the man, though he neither spoke nor made the slightest gesture.
He sat there motionless, as if carved out of ebony, with his bullet head sunk forward between mighty shoulders and shapeless hands folded over his vast paunch.
“Yah! The big black chief and his blighted bodyguard!" sneered Midge, and was promptly hauled upright and silenced by a swift backhander across the mouth.
The rest of the castaways suffered the same brisk treatment. They were kicked to their feet, clouted callously, then hustled into line.
And now it was clear that, after hours of hot and weary waiting, their final ordeal was about to commence.
Within the gulch frenzied activity had taken the place of idleness and boredom. The horn blared again, the chief’s litter was carefully set down, and the tattoed guards, linking arms, began to sway and shuffle in a slow, weird dance that sent clouds of stinging dust into the still air.
As if by magic, two great bonfires sprang into life with a hiss and crackle of dry faggots, while other savages hastened back from the river, tottering under the weight of huge cauldrons filled with water.
With such desperate earnestness were all these dread preparations made that Midge felt a sudden wild desire to yell with hysterical laughter. Just in time he glanced at his companions, and was steadied at once by the glint in his leader’s hard, grey eyes.
Justice’s voice scarcely had power to penetrate the cries and the harsh, guttural chant of the dancers. The muscles of his jaw stood out in white ridges under the suntanned skin.
“I’m afraid we’re on the lee shore, lads!” he muttered. “The only thing I can say now is: Go all out for a quick finish when the dirty work starts! And good luck!”
“Good luck, captain!”
There was nothing more to say. It looked like the end of adventuring, comradeship, everything! By an effort that taxed their flagging energies to the utmost, Justice & Co. stiffened, squaring their shoulders, shoving their chins out. Then the chief of the cannibals came waddling towards them.
Slowly the ogreish figure approached, while his guards stood silent behind the litter, and the rest of the band, all except the fire-tenders, formed up in a wide semicircle.
The only sounds were the rustle of flames and the heavy breathing of the stout colossus who glared at his captives with deep-set piggy eyes, hot with hatred and ferocity.
Unwieldy, a mountain of black flabbiness, the chief moved sluggishly down the line, his shiny features distorted into a pitiless mask until his gaze rested on the truculent face of Captain Justice. Then, uttering a malevolent chuckle, he raised a ham-like fist and snatched at the captain’s beard.
Captain Justice booted him!
Thankful at least that only his wrists had been tied, the celebrated Gentleman Adventurer swayed back, then planted one lusty drive squarely into the curve of the cannibal’s corpulent stomach. There was a soggy thud as his toecap landed—followed by a strangled howl and a heavier thump. The next, his black majesty lay squirming and wheezing on the ground.
Midge gave a riotous whoop, and the blacks went crazy!
“Good shot, skipper! Goal!” roared the defiant Midge. But his shout was drowned, blotted out by the fiendish screams of infuriated savages.
For the first moment or two, Justice's audacity staggered the onlookers. The blacks grunted, screwed up their eyes, then exploded into action. Bursting from the ranks, the guards swarmed around their groaning lord, jabbering, frothing at the mouth as they strove to raise him. The others, warriors and hunters, sprang towards the captives like demented tigers.
And Justice laughed in their faces.
“It’s coming, boys—the quick finish we want!” he had time to shout before the avengers got their hands on him. “Good-bye, my lads—and come on!”
With that, Captain Justice staggered forward, fiery-eyed, to fight his last battle. His comrades followed.
But the desperate attempt to win speedy deliverance from torture failed. The black fanatics, mad though they were, still intended that their captives should suffer to the full. Although whistling spear-shafts thrashed the castaways, and iron fists battered them as they kicked and struggled valiantly, their lives were spared—for the present.
Len and Professor Flaznagel were knocked down, Midge was trampled upon, and only O’Mally’s ponderous strength and Justice’s fierce agility stemmed the tide. Somehow the lion-hearted pair managed to keep their feet, but that was all. They were hemmed in ruthlessly, jammed between solid masses of men.
And Justice was being dragged straight for the fires when the burly Irishman, glaring over the heads of his assailants, suddenly saw a sight that spurred him to one more effort.
Throwing back his head, O’Mally put all his heart and soul into a bull-like bellow that, for a moment, rose above the din.
“Justice! We’re saved!” he roared. “Look, man, ’tis the giants—the big fellows! By th’ Harp of Erin, we’re—”
Then a broad black hand came smack across his mouth. And the rest of his incoherent splutterings were lost as the savages whirled with yells of rage and terror.
 
The Retreat to the River!
THE Golden Giants, as Midge had christened them, were coming! Through the open end of the gulch they rushed, shoulder to shoulder—superb, golden-brown athletes, each man brandishing a short, three-pronged spear in one hand, and what looked like a small fishing-net in the other. A few wore leopard-skins slung from their herculean shoulders, but the rest ran nude save for crimson loincloths, from which hung broad-bladed dirks.
Steam arose in clouds from their shining wet bodies, the reeds near the stream threshed and parted as more and more warriors heaved themselves out of the water up on to the bank. It was a surprise raid, wily, clean-cut, and efficient. It succeeded!
Already the unwary cannibal sentries had been speared and swept aside by the vanguard of the Giants, who had swum noiselessly downstream close to the bank. Now, with a clear road, the main body charged in, silently, swiftly, plunging their tribal enemies into confusion and panic.
But the blacks rallied furiously.
In a flash Justice & Co. were forgotten. They were thrown down, rolled in the dust, and trodden on as their captors raced to meet the foe. There sounded a caterwauling yell; a heavy, deep-chested war-cry from the Giants.
Then the rival tribes were at it, and bedlam broke loose as black and tawny fighters met face to face in the centre of the gulch.
The scene that followed, the indescribable din and unleashed fury of the battle, left the castaways dazed and deafened.
Men grappled with each other and fell to earth, locked in mortal combat. Throwing-spears flickered and hissed, leaf-bladed spears clashed against stabbing tridents, screeches, thunderous shouts, and the cries of the wounded all blended into a nerve-shattering uproar. And then the “fishing-nets” came into play!
To Justice & Co. the deadliness of these limp, apparently-fragile weapons came as the greatest shock of all. For they were both shields and snares. Cannibal spears were deftly caught and torn from the wielders’ hands, black warriors panted and strove in vain to free themselves from the entangling meshes.
Bunched together in a solid, disciplined mass, the Giants split the opposing band in twain, smashing their way through by sheer weight and strength.
“Begob, they've got ’em now!” O’Mally roared, sitting up and cheering like a maniac. “Go it, me darlin’ boys, tread on ’em, me beautiful buekos! Och, if only my hands were free! If only I had a blackthorn now!”
But the Giants required no help from the fire-eating doctor or anyone else. Coolly, methodically, they drove the blacks before them, and though the latter rallied again, fighting with the blind courage of despair, nothing could withstand the skill, the crushing onslaught of those tall, smooth-limbed warriors.
The cannibals broke up into leaderless parties, and the wave of Giants rolled over them—and the hopes of the castaways were soaring high when suddenly Midge let out a shrill yell of alarm.
“Captain! Behind yon—look out!”
Justice, rolling over hastily, drew in a sharp, hissing breath as he beheld the chief of the cannibals crawling painfully towards him.
The tables were turned again now, with a vengeance!
The chief’s face, flabbier than ever, was mottled with fear; the hand that grasped a heavy spear trembled as with ague. Yet a brutish determination glittered in his sunken eyes as he dragged himself along to settle with the daring man who had laid him low.
Furiously he raised the weapon, and Justice rolled again as it darted down, missing by a hairsbreadth.
Another lightning thrust—closer this time! The blade grazed Justice’s leg, and a sudden glancing blow from the savage’s fist made his head swim. With a growl, the chief struggled to his knees, swinging his arm upwards and backwards for the final drive.
But that terrific stroke was never delivered.
Instead, something whizzed through the air, and Justice gasped as he doubled himself up. A second later, the castaways were caught in the whirl of a raging melee.
There sounded the flying patter of bare feet, as lithe, tawny figures raced up out of nowhere to surround and protect them. A cloud of grey cords swirled open, enveloping the chief’s head, arms, and shoulders, dragging him backwards. He went down, fighting and roaring like a wild boar, only to be buried in a twinkling beneath a pile of vengeful foes.
Again the tridents clashed, the throwing-pets whirred as a remnant of the bodyguard attempted to rescue their lord and were hurled back. Then the retreat to the river began!
Captain Justice’s impressions of the hectic events that followed became blurred. He never did remember exactly what happened after that.
But suddenly, sinewy arms whisked him up as though he was a child, the slash of a dirk freed his wrists, and he was dumped into the black chief’s litter. It rose giddily into the air, then swayed again as a harsh order rang out.
Captain Justice, clinging to the side, found himself being rushed helter-skelter down the gulch, with grim-visaged guards loping along warily on either side.
Feebly he knuckled his eyes and blinked. But there was little to see, for dense swirling clouds of dust cast a merciful screen over the last stand of the beaten blacks.
Once the litter-bearers swerved sharply, and the escort dived back into the murk with a roar and clatter of spears. Then suddenly the narrow Y-shaped mouth of the gulch loomed up dimly, and a grateful coolness from the river fanned the adventurer’s overheated limbs. Faintly, too, he heard a familiar boyish voice raised in a piping cheer.
And that, for Captain Justice, was the finish of the retreat from the fatal ravine!
His comrades were safe—Midge’s joyful yell told him that. Overwhelmed by relief, weakened by hunger and thirst, the Gentleman Adventurer rolled limply out of the litter when it was set down, and, for a space, his senses left him.
When Justice recovered consciousness, twenty minutes later, he was lying at the bottom of a long, slender canoe.
The speedy craft was gliding along smoothly upstream, propelled by muscular paddlers whose golden-brown shoulders gleamed in the green shadows of overarching trees. All sound of battle had died away.
Instinctively the captain tried to sit up, but a hand pressed him down again, and water sluiced suddenly over his head and face. The shock of the water revived him. He turned slightly on his side—and gazed up into the battered, rubicund, dust-grimed countenance of Dr. O’Mally.
Beyond the Irishman, their heads pillowed on native mats, huddled Ben Connor and the old professor. Len was sleeping the sleep of the exhausted, but Flaznagel stirred uneasily. And between them sat the freckled and fiery-haired Midge—and Midge was eating!
On one knee the weary youth balanced a bowl of mealie-porridge, on the other a bunch of bananas, one of which he was chewing happily, washing down the bites with some cool, milky liquid. As Justice struggled up the lad grinned at him, and O’Mally chuckled breathlessly.
“Well, and here we all are, Jitstice, praise be to St. Patrick—and our good friend yonder!” Then, seeing the perplexity gathering on Justice’s brow, the Irishman chuckled again and pointed.
“Arrah, now, don’t ye recognise the lovely fellah who netted that black spalpeen of a chief and carried ye off?” he cried. “Talk about one good turn deserves another, why, he must have brought most of his fellow fighting men to track us down and save us!
"Look, man, there he sits—the broth of a boy we rescued and patched up yesterday! ’Tis to him we owe our lives, and no one else!”
Justice stared, following the direction of O’Mally’s outstretched finger. Then the corners of his eyes crinkled in a smile of recognition.
In the stern of the long canoe, proud and dignified as before, sat the stalwart, handsome native whom the castaways had saved from the blacks. A splendid leopard skin hung from a clasp on his right shoulder, but the left was swathed in bandages made of coarse tapa cloth.
Catching Justice’s eye, the young Hercules made a little gesture, as though bidding his white friend lie still, then raised the head of his trident in salute. Captain Justice, feeling distinctly like a tired swimmer who feels firm ground beneath his feet at last, returned the greeting and fell back. The canoe sped on.
“We appear to have been rescued from those black scoundrels,” muttered the professor, peering up at the paddlers, “yet it seems to me, Justice, that we are still prisoners! I trust these men have not saved us from the blacks simply for their own ends. And I wonder where we are going now?”
Midge sniffed reprovingly.
“What do you care so long as you’re not going into a cannibal’s casserole?” grinned the boy. “These chaps are the goods, and old Gold Flake up behind is a pal of mine already—he gave me this food! Anyway, Whiskers, you’ve got your chance now to study a new tribe at close quarters, the blinkin’ blacks got it in the neck, and I—”
Midge patted the bunch of bananas affectionately, and peeled one for Captain Justice.
“And I’ve got some grub!” he went on, startling the gigantic canoemen with a rousing cheer. “So row, brothers, row, and let the blinkin’ world roll on! ’Cos old Kuponos hasn’t got his giddy revenge yet!”


Rescued from the cooking-pots for—what? That’s Next Friday’s amazing story—a Thriller that you are going to award Top Marks! ! !

The Castaway Five

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Fearlessly exposing himself to the arrows that zipped through the air from the pursuing canoes, Justice stepped over the wounded paddler and prepared to take his place.


The Castaway Five! -Part 6 of 12
by Murray Roberts
From The Modern Boy magazine, 11 August 1934, No. 340, Vol. 14. Digitized Nov. 2014 by Doug Frizzle
Hopelessly stranded in Unknown Africa, the fate of CAPTAIN JUSTICE and his Comrades is swaying in the balance between merciless Cannibals and their tribal enemies the Golden-Brown Giants!

Cannibal Pursuers!
WITH a prodigious snort, Dr. O’Mally awoke from uneasy slumber. The jovial, corpulent Irish comrade of the famous Gentleman Adventurer, Captain Justice, started convulsively, shivered, opened his eyes, and immediately closed them again.
How long he had been asleep he had no means of telling. Neither could he remember where he was yet, nor how he had come to doze off. But in the background of his mind hovered a dark cloud of horror. With it came the feeling that he ought to be up and doing — that danger threatened somewhere, demanding instant action on his part.
What this danger was, however, and exactly what he had to do about it, he could not figure out. And he was too utterly whacked to stir a muscle just then, anyway. But presently, as the rustle of water and a smooth rocking motion penetrated to his consciousness, his hazy wits cleared. Memory returned in a flash.
Then Dr. O’Mally’s smarting eyes popped open again, and he groaned. “Begob, ’twas all a dream, then!” he muttered disgustedly in his rich brogue. “’Tis meself that’s been dreaming we were all safely back at home, fishing, with that plaguey young imp, Midge, doing his best to tilt the boat over! And now here we still are—lost—cast away in the hottest spot of unknown Africa by that Greek blayguard, Xavier Kuponos, without weapons and in our pyjamas, being canoed down some benighted jungle river by a lot o’ gigantic heathens with golden-brown skins. Ochone!”
And the doctor was not sure whether the stalwart golden-brown natives, in whose canoe he lay, regarded him and his comrades as guests or prisoners!
“’Tis these same heathens,” he murmured, “who saved us from bein’ boiled alive and eaten by those cannibal blacks! So, I suppose, whether we’re friends or captives, we must give thanks for small mercies to these Golden Giants, as Midge calls ’em—and I hope the next meal those black cannibals eat chokes ’em!”
Overhead, enormous trees arched their branches across the river, softening the glare from the sky, so that the long, slender canoe glided onwards through pleasant green twilight. Through gaps in the foliage, tremendous mountain peaks were visible.
A score of brawny warriors plied their paddles in smooth, easy sweeps. And when O’Mally raised himself a little higher, he could just see the mighty chest and bandaged shoulder of the young Hercules whom he and Justice had rescued, wounded and sore beset, from the cannibal blacks on the first evening they had entered the mountains. Motionless as a figure of bronze, he sat with his strong right arm controlling the steering paddle, his handsome head tilted slightly backwards.
“And where are we now?” demanded O’Mally. But for some reason not even his comrades paid the least heed to his questions, or noticed that he was awake.
Close beside him, stretched out on a native mat, sprawled the lanky, dishevelled figure of Professor Flaznagel, the world-renowned scientist and inventor—now, alas, the weakest and most helpless of the castaway five. The old scientist lay perfectly still, with his mane of white, unkempt hair partially covering his cadaverous features. He looked completely worn out.
Captain Justice, alert and untiring as ever, sat rigidly upright, his lean, tanned face set in an impassive mask as he gazed steadily aft. Len Connor, chin in hand and heavy eyes half-closed, was also staring silently in the same direction. Farther up, O'Mally spotted the slim shoulders and fiery head of young Midge poking out over the gunwale. Levering himself up with a groan, the doctor yawned and gingerly massaged his aching limbs.
“Where are we?” he repeated, shooting an anxious glance at the professor, before turning to Justice and Len. “How much longer is this river trip going to last? Bedad, I was hoping to wake up and find me- self within reach of a bed and some grub by now! But what’s the matter wid ye all? Why are ye sitting there like a lot of stuffed dummies, ye spalpeens? Answer me!”
Still the giant paddlers swung to and fro like golden robots, and still Justice, Len, and Midge continued to stare downstream, entirely oblivious to the doctor’s presence. Filled with new alarm, O’Mally heaved himself up on to his knees— and a startled yell broke from him next instant as a long-drawn, vicious whistle shrilled in his ear and a sharp spurt of air fanned his cheek. There was a little plop! in the water behind him.
Justice's hand clawed at O’Mally’s shoulder, and the doctor ducked— hastily!
“That,” said Midge, to O’Mally’s increased alarm and fury, “was an arrow, old cock! And if you hadn’t been snoring like a water-buffalo for the last hour, you’d know where it came from! The blighted blacks are after you again, so keep your silly fat head down!”
DOWN-RIVER, speeding along in pursuit less than two hundred yards away, three more canoes were sliding across the glassy surface of the water, each with a lace of foam beneath its high, curved prow. And even in that dim light and at that distance, O’Mally could plainly discern the evil black faces of the paddlers.
The brute savages were straining every nerve—every shred of power in their powerful bodies—to come to grips with the fugitives.
O’Mally expelled his pent-up breath in a rattling sigh. More arrows, fired by black snipers kneeling in the bows of the canoes, came whistling through the air, followed by the vibrant twang of bowstrings. But the range was too great for accurate shooting, and the shafts skimmed harmlessly into the water.
“The beggars suddenly pounced on us about an hour back!” It was Captain Justice who answered the Irishman’s fierce look of inquiry. “Came sliding out of a creek and nearly had us. They must have heard how our friends here licked that cannibal crowd in that infernal gulch, so they had a shot at cutting us off. I don’t know what’s happened to the rest of the giants— either they’re still fighting in the gulch or making their way home across country. We’re still only about five miles away from the battlefield.”
Suddenly a fresh flight of arrows streaked from the cannibal canoes, and one of the giant paddlers uttered a hoarse grunt and slumped to the bottom of the canoe. He lay there writhing, striving to get at the shaft that had pierced him below the shoulder. For a second, the other paddlers lost their rhythmic swing, but picked it up again in response to the steersman’s short sharp command. The canoe skimmed on.
“Help this fellow, doc—bear a hand, you lads! Lively now!”
So saying, Captain Justice stepped over the wounded paddler, fearlessly exposing himself to the arrows that zipped and whined through the air in a steady stream. One skewered the rush-hat he wore, knocking it off, but he snatched it up again, waving it contemptuously. Then, as O’Mally and Len hauled the fallen warrior clear, Justice grabbed the man’s heavy paddle, driving it skilfully into the water.
“Wah!”
For the first time the natives around him broke silence in a deep grunt of approval. Hard brown eyes were turned upon the captain, as if to size up his prowess as a paddler, and then, satisfied, the giants concentrated on their own task once more. No one could teach Captain Justice anything about watermanship. He filled the gap in the crew like the sailor and handyman he was.
Unable to watch the pursuing craft now, he strained his eyes forward, half expecting to see signs of a village or reinforcements. He saw none. Roughly half a mile ahead, the river forked into two channels, one, the wider, branching to the right, the other, much narrower, taking a sharp curve to the left. In the V of the fork squatted a low-lying island, crowned by rushes and rippling reeds. But no trace of decent cover or of human aid could he spy.
Yet the giants in the canoe remained unperturbed. Not by a fraction did they increase their speed, though by now the deadly barbs from the cannibal craft were singing past them, faster and closer. Once the tall steersman altered course, zigzagging towards the mouth of the narrower fork. But that was the only attempt he made to avoid the hail of shafts as the island came nearer and the blacks crept closer up.
Very soon the terrible hunters had crept up to within a hundred yards. They were gaining hand over hand! Their canoes seemed to shoot across the river at terrific speed, like black sea-hawks swooping on their prey. Justice set his teeth hard.
Thud! An arrow plunked quivering into the gunwale beside him, others shrilled alongside. Only the steersman’s skill saved the giants from being riddled, and then, as the fugitives swept past the island, the narrowness of the channel put an end to swerving and dodging.
Suddenly the pursuing fiends flung back their heads, opening their ugly mouths wide, and, high-pitched, shrill, and bloodcurdling, the triumphant war-cry rang out; and at that the giant fugitives spurted. But they had left it late! All around them the air became full of hissing sounds, of sharp, venomous whistles.
Len Connor stiffened, staring blankly at the arrow that had drilled the loose sleeve of his pyjama jacket. Dazedly he looked back and saw that the cannibal canoes had bunched together, converging into the mouth of the channel. The race for life was nearly over now—another point-blank volley must mean disaster. The giants spurted once more; their enemies held them.
Then, with all the ferocity of wild beasts, the blacks yelled again, and the veil was answered!
 
Into the Lair of the Giants !
JUSTICE & CO., already shaken by the merciless pursuit, reeled under the crowning shock of that answering yell. Simultaneously, the low, reedy, apparently deserted island seemed to erupt out of the water!
Reeds and rushes thrashed and crackled as brawny, golden-brown warriors sprang headlong from cover with shouts of savage glee. Not for nothing had the fugitive paddlers dawdled on their retreat—deliberately luring their pursuers on! It was an ambush—and the blacks were trapped!
Frantically the cannibal steersmen strove to turn their craft aside, while the desperate paddlers reached for their weapons, only to crumple in heaps under the storm of arrows from the island. From their superior vantage-ground, the giant bowmen, burning with tribal enmity and eagerness to pay off old scores, could shoot straight down into the hostile canoes.
Captain Justice stopped paddling. He could not have moved a finger just then to save his life, though his fellow paddlers, their cool, courageous work accomplished, plugged onwards, laughing and whooping. Professor Flaznagel, aroused by the fearful din, scrambled up, blinking. Midge, O’Mally, and Len sat tight, fascinated by the mad melee raging behind.
Goaded to frenzy, fighting with the courage of cornered wolves, the blacks were attempting to hit back now—to force their way out of the trap. But the snare had been too well laid. Hoarse cries, cheers and screeches, the thrumming twang of bowstrings mingled in pandemonium as the golden-brown giants shot and shot again. Their cannibal foes paid the penalty of rashness.
Jammed in the channel, they could neither fight nor flee. One of their canoes struck a mudbank, the second, out of control, rammed the third.
Both sank in a few seconds; and a party of giants, poising their heavy tridents, sprang into the shallows to grapple with swimming survivors. The finish was in sight, but Justice & Co. did not see it!
For suddenly, as if the paddlers had decided that they had wasted enough time on the journey home, round another curve in the river they swept at a speed that took the comrades’ breath away. Then, like a curtain, the dense foliage of trees dropped down, blotting out the wild scrimmage below the island.
“Phew-w! What a dust-up!” Wiping the sweat from his brow with a trembling hand, Len carefully drew out the short thick arrow that had so nearly pierced his arm. Midge, his eyes bulging, grinned feebly at the paddlers. To his surprise, some of them grinned back amiably.
"Weepin’ willow's, these fellows are smart! Number one fighting-men, and no blinkin’ error!” muttered Midge admiringly. “Talk about leading the blackies up the garden and then flattening them out under the roller! Not one of us guessed their game! But how did those other heavyweights come to be on that island? How was the blessed ambush arranged, anyway? That’s what licks me!”
“And me!” grunted O’Mally, mopping his glistening pate, and listening to the fast-dying sounds of battle beyond the screen of trees. “Maybe we’re on the fringe of the giants’ country now, and that crowd on the island are an outpost. Or perhaps they have sentries watching the river from up yonder,” he added, jerking a thumb towards the mountain-slopes that rose above the trees. “Still, no matter how ’twas done, they made a job of it; and faith, I’ll bet those cannibals don’t plague us any more!”
“How’s it going, captain?” asked Len, bestirring his weary self with an effort. “Can I take over for a spell?” Captain Justice smiled grimly, but shook his head. Strong as he was, he had his work cut out now to keep time with the native paddlers, who were sending the canoe sheering through the water in mighty drives. It was clear now that they considered themselves safe from danger of further attack, for they sang as they paddled.
Soon the trees on the banks began to thin out, and stretches of bare brown rock made their appearance as the canoe glided deeper into the lonely heart of the mountains. From afar the booming echoes of a waterfall quivered on the still air, and once the hoarse blare of a horn floated down from the heights. The castaways grew more and more silent, watchful. The element of doubt tormented them constantly. Where were they going, and what fate awaited them? Were these huge, golden-brown men friends or captors?
True, the steersman, the leader of the canoe party, owed them his life, and his manner so far had betrayed nothing but gratitude and kindness. But how would the rulers of his tribe receive five helpless strangers—white strangers at that?
"Old Gold Flake up behind looks a mighty big fellah to me, but he may be just a small potato at home,” murmured Midge. “He seems all right, but what about his bosses? Supposing they don’t like the look of us, or want to make us the star turn in some sacrifice stunt? Br-rr!”
Any hopes the castaways might have entertained of memorising their route were doomed almost from the start. Even Captain Justice, still gallantly plying his paddle, couldn’t do it. For the stream twisted, turned, and doubled back more erratically than ever, and the fading light dimmed what few landmarks there were.
On both banks the rocks rose steeper as every mile went by. Trees gave way entirely to stunted thorns, and the horns of unseen sentries blared more frequently. They came, eventually, after a spell of paddling that seemed endless, to a stretch of brawling rapids. Gingerly the giants skirted foam-lashed reefs and snags before shooting their canoe into a dark and narrow gorge.
Blackness descended instantly, and the roar of the waterfall filled the gloom with muffled thunder. As he peered upwards into inky nothingness, Midge’s heart sank. He shuddered; shrank closer to his comrades, so overcome by the forbidding aspect of the gorge, the darkness, and the deafening echoes, that for once he addressed Dr. O'Mally with respect.
“Gosh, I don’t like this, doc!” He had to shout to make himself heard. “Sufferin’ snakes, I wish I knew what was going to happen! What a country! Wish we could see. Wish I had some grub—Ouch!”
Out of the darkness O’Mally’s hand pounced, closing tightly over the boy’s mouth.  "
“Och, cease your wishing! Look ahead!” bawled the Irishman; and as Midge twisted about the canoe sped from darkness into twilight once more.
It rounded a shadowy buttress, sailed on into a rock-bound pool, whose waves ran like molten fire in the last fleeting rays of the sun. The stunning crash of the falls burst upon the castaways in all its majestic fury. And then, with startling suddenness, the natives backed water and shipped their paddles.
Gracefully, noiselessly, the canoe swerved inshore. It floated to the edge of the pool, and there rocked gently against a half-submerged ledge. The river trip into the mountains was over!
Captain Justice let go his own paddle. He slumped forward, shoulders heaving painfully as he struggled for breath. Giddy with hunger, suffering from the aftereffects of the cannibals’ cruelty, the last few strenuous miles had tested his stamina severely. All he cared about at the moment was the blessed fact that he no longer had to swing a wooden blade.
The rest of the castaways sat spellbound, gazing in awed silence at the magnificent spectacle before them.
The pool, as near as they could tell in the tricky light, measured something like two hundred yards across, split by a snarling reef that jutted above the surface, acting as a breakwater against the boiling waves flung up by the falls. Flying spray drenched them, forming a shimmering rainbow mist, through which the solid cascade crashed in its sheer drop from the cliffs above.
Beyond the basin the river bubbled on into the neck of a shadowy valley, but that spouting cataract barred the way more effectually than a stone dam. No craft ever built could have entered the seething maelstrom and lived. Speech was impossible. The castaways could only stare and point. The incessant roar pounded their eardrums almost beyond endurance.
BUT their giant companions gave them little time for sightseeing.
Lithe as cats, half the men sprang overboard, splashing ankle-deep on the ledge. The canoe was drawn closer and made fast; then the wounded paddler stepped out unaided, stolidly indifferent to pain. Two of his comrades seized and hoisted him at once, however, and slowly the man began to climb.
Justice & Co. jerked up their heads in alarm. For the first time they spotted the ladder that dangled against the face of the cliff.
It was constructed simply of leather thongs, greased and tightly plaited— as frail and precarious a means of ascent as they had ever set eyes on. Yet, without a tremor, the native clambered up, and two more scrambled after him. Then suddenly the castaways became aware that the other giants were beckoning to them, motioning them to follow.
Professor Flaznagel blinked and swallowed hard.
“Preposterous!” he ejaculated stiffly. “My dear friends, I have no wish to delay you, but really I cannot possibly consent to trust myself to that—that—”
But his long-winded protests were lost, drowned by the waterfall. Nor did the giants waste precious seconds of daylight by arguing. Quick as thought two of them slung the old man ashore, where another caught him, and Professor Flaznagel went up that ladder slung like a sack of wheat across a pair of iron-hard shoulders.
And Midge followed. Then Len was tossed overboard, caught, and whirled aloft. Captain Justice, his pride aroused, brushed aside the hands extended towards him, and, groggy as he was, shinned up the ladder of his own accord. O’Mally, the last man, grinned mirthlessly.
“Nay, I’ll tackle it myself, too!” he grunted, heaving himself out on to the ledge. “Sure, ye’re bonny lads, but not even you could hoist my generous proportions up yon cliff ! Begorrah, since I’ve got to go, I’d rather break my own neck without your aid.”
The stout Irishman clutched at the slippery rungs, and began to climb laboriously, prodded upwards by impatient fists from below. Up and up into darkness the castaways went, while the spray from the falls lashed them like hail, and the ladder swayed and sagged till each thought that every second would prove his last.
Captain Justice’s sea-training, however, stood him in good stead, as did O’Mally's ponderous strength and bulldog courage. But Midge, clinging like a limpet to his bearer's shoulders, simply shut his eyes and hoped for the best.
Half-way up, Professor Flaznagel was seized by a fit of nerves that led him nearly to throttling the man who carried him. For long-drawn seconds the procession was held up—while two of its members, at least, trembled on the brink of eternity, until the native succeeded in wrenching the old scientist’s bony fingers from around his throat.
He shouted in the professor’s ear an angry warning that fortunately brought Flaznagel back to his senses once more. All safe, the soaked and breathless five reached the top at last —to find themselves confronted by another and still more dangerous climb!
One glance was enough for Midge, who groaned aloud. For the flattened crest of the enormous cliff above the pool was split in two by a thirty-foot ravine, through which the torrent rushed and foamed before hurtling out into space. And a natural bridge of rock, dim and rugged, curving high above the channel, formed the sole means of crossing to the farther bank.
“Moanin’ moggies, what do they take us for—acrobats or monkeys?" spluttered the exhausted youngster.
“We can’t tackle that—we—Ow, Jemima!”
Midge was given no option! Suddenly, flaring torches flamed through the darkness on the other side of the “bridge," and the wounded paddler and his escort skipped across lightly and fearlessly. The next, Midge found himself bobbing helplessly on his bearer’s back, staring down glassy-eyed at the roaring black water that sluiced between its banks at a speed that froze his blood.
Clouds of spume slashed across the slippery footway, which at its widest was scarcely three feet across. But the sinewy natives went over as confidently as though they walked on smooth, broad concrete.
Again willing hands were offered to Captain Justice, but again he shook his head and went forward unfalteringly. The steersman’s sombre face broke into a sudden smile of admiration. He reached out, laying a friendly arm across the indomitable adventurer’s shoulders.
Thus encouraged, Justice set foot on the bridge; then, sinking to his knees, he inched his way over doggedly, keeping his eyes glued to the torches ahead. O’Mally, puffing hard, resolutely copied his leader’s example; and Len, gritting his teeth, wriggled out of the great arms that held him, and went on alone.
But, alas!—though the spirit was willing, the flesh was weak. Len had suffered worse treatment than any at the hands of the cannibals, and that gruelling crossing proved the last straw.
Half-blinded by the spray, the battered youngster hesitated a moment out there on the very crown of the bridge. An involuntary glance downwards made his head spin. And suddenly, fingers, arms, and legs went slack. Too horrified even to cry out, he keeled over slowly, fighting in vain against the vertigo that gripped him.
In the nick of time, hands of steel darted down and caught him. And for Len Connor, the rest of that crossing became a nightmarish blur.
More dead than alive, he opened his eyes again when at last his rescuers dumped him on solid rock. Captain Justice and O’Mally came hobbling towards him, and behind them clustered a group of strapping warriors.
Their smooth, hard limbs shone in the glare of the torches that shed a ruby light over their aquiline features and the heads of the three-pronged spears they held. In silence these statuesque Goliaths stared down at the white strangers, until into the midst of the band strode the leader of the canoemen.
With his coming, Captain Justice breathed a sigh of relief. Certain dark misgivings that had been rankling within him fled at once. This friendly giant was no ordinary native. He was a personage in the tribe, as was made abundantly clear by the welcome he received.
“Wah! Buktu!”
To the sound of that stentorian hail, the warriors stiffened, tossing up their tridents. That done, they sprang into double column behind him, while someone helped Len to his feet. Once more Midge was swung up on to a broad shoulder. Flanked by marching men, Captain Justice & Co. were led down a short, steep track—into the lofty lair of the giants at last.

Bedlam Breaks Loose!
“GUMMY! Hail, hail, the gang’s all here! Welcome to our city!”
As the party emerged from the mouth of the track, Midge shot one quick glance around him, and his irrepressible nature overcame discretion. Exclamations of excitement burst from him before he could stifle them. And a murmur of deep voices, like the sound of a rising wind, rumbled through the gloom as the lad’s shrill voice rang out.
“Arrah, close your mouth, ye babblin’ baboon!” O’Mally hissed fiercely; and Midge, startled by the commotion he had caused, subsided. He kept a very firm check on his tongue after that.
Outside the radius of the torchlight, darkness covered the scene like a shroud of black velvet. The moon had not yet risen, the tropic stars hung cold and lustreless above the gaunt mountain-tops. Dimly Justice & Co. made out the long lines of tribesmen, who had gathered to stare at the white strangers: tall, rigid figures, standing motionless against the darker background of high-peaked huts. Massed shoulder to shoulder, they formed a wide lane, watching the castaways intently, but making no sound or stir.
At the end of the lane, a ring of glowing copper braziers warmly illuminated an expanse of bare, well-trodden earth; and within this enclosure a file of guards were drawn up in line. Men of tremendous girth and stature they were the biggest Justice & Co. had yet seen, and their height was increased by the chaplets of eagle feathers that crowned their heads.
Each man bore a six-foot trident, and short, broad-bladed swords gleamed at their hips. As the castaways and their escort entered the circle of light, the sentinels fell back with the same crashing salute for the handsome leader:
“Wah! Buktu!”
And a moment later, with a suddenness that made Justice & Co. recoil a step, the ear-splitting blare of horns bawled through the night.
Thrice the hoarse fanfare awoke the echoes; and a hush, all the deeper by contrast, followed. The giants—soldiers, paddlers, and villagers—stood mute with heads bowed, and for several minutes the solemn stillness reigned.
Then out of the great hut that loomed up blackly at the back of the lighted enclosure, emerged a bowed but impressive figure, superbly clad in a robe of leopard skins.
Slowly, but with all the dignity that seemed characteristic of these strange people, the newcomer advanced into the red glow; and Justice & Co., rightly guessing that they were in the presence of the giants' ruler, eyed him with interest—and anxiety.
He was an old man, his black hair, under its crown of feathers, was sprinkled with white, and the hand that grasped a tall staff trembled with age. His once-masterful face looked lined and haggard in the brazier-light, his lips sagged inwards over toothless gums.
But there was a glint of vigour in his sunken eyes, and the firmness of his chin and nostrils showed that here was a man accustomed to rule and to be obeyed.
To the castaways, at first, he paid no heed. His regard was all for the splendid warrior-steersman, Buktu, who had brought them there. He halted at length, with a little gesture of welcome, and as the young man strode forward and threw himself on his knees, the ancient chief raised him again, smiling faintly as he murmured something in a surprisingly strong voice.
"Told you old Buckie, or whatever they call him, is a heap big guy here!” whispered Midge. “Gosh, p'r’aps he’s the old 'un’s son or—”
"Quiet!” snapped Captain Justice, bracing his shoulders back. For now the old chief of the giants was coming straight towards him, peering steadily at the dishevelled five. There was scarcely a sound. The distant drumming of the waterfall seemed to intensify rather than disturb the hush.
At the chief’s shoulder stood Buktu, whispering eagerly in the veteran’s ear. From the way he touched his bandaged shoulder, then pointed to Justice and O’Mally, to whom he chiefly owed deliverance from the cannibal blacks, it was plain that he was recounting the whole grim story.
Several times the old man nodded, but not the least flicker of emotion showed on his pinched face as he studied the castaways closely.
The comrades’ nerves grew taut, but still the old man made no sign. Buktu’s whispers sounded more emphatic than ever, and twice he flung out his hands pleadingly—without result.
Justice & Co. knew for certain then that their fate depended solely on the whim of that leopard-robed ruler of savages!
“Snakes and ladders! What the blue Peter’s up now?” yelled Midge, as suddenly another riotous din burst forth, snapping the tension.
From somewhere in the darkness behind the chief’s hut the raucous horns blared out again.
Instantly the aged ruler raised his head and clasped his staff a little tighter, while the young warrior whirled, lips drawn back in a snarl. There sounded the scamper of bare feet, then a wild, caterwauling yowl.
Into the circle of braziers dashed a score of weirdly garbed scarecrows, led by as burly and ugly a native as Justice & Co. had seen since they escaped from the blacks.
The man was as tall as the bodyguards, but broader and thicker-set. Bars and whorls of red and yellow pigment, splashed across his sneering face and immense chest, added to his horrific appearance, and round his muscular waist swished a kilt of monkey-tails slung from a metal sword-belt.
Instead of the customary trident, he wielded a triple-thonged whip of rhinoceros hide, which he whirled above his head till it whistled. Necklaces of cowrie-shells and leopards’ teeth clicked and clashed about his bull neck. Broad bands and wristlets of polished copper adorned his tremendous arms.
"My hat!” gasped Len, as the hideous figure danced fantastically across the enclosure. With another roar, the newcomer brought his gibbering followers to a standstill, then, chest thrown out and whip swishing ominously, he strutted across to the chief. His feathered head bobbed forward in perfunctory salute, and, swinging away as the ancient waved his staff, he stared loweringly at the disdainful Buktu.
The latter, one hand resting on the hilt of his sword, returned the menacing glare with interest. Captain Justice flicked a swift, calculating glance round the circle—and whistled softly at what he saw.
Here was rivalry; enmity, raw and deadly!
The newcomer’s henchmen were crouching down, their hands spread across their knees, their painted eyes staring insolently at all and sundry. Facing them, Buktu’s paddlers and fellow-warriors had flexed           their muscles, quivering like hounds on the leash. Only the old chief remained aloof, watching both parties from under down-drawn brows.
“Witch-doctor! Tribal sorcerer, or something!” whispered Justice, sliding the words from the corner of his mouth as the man with the whip glowered at him with         cruel beady eyes. “On your toes, lads! This beggar’s out for trouble—and Buktu’s friends are itching to give him some! ”
Justice was right! Turning suddenly from his malevolent inspection of the castaways, the witch-doctor burst into a furious chatter, pointing to them constantly, then thumping his barrel-like chest. In reply, the old chief shrugged and motioned with his staff towards the rigid warriors, whereupon the witch-doctor and his satellites raved in a paroxysm of rage. Justice & Co. felt as though they were in a powder magazine, only waiting for a spark to cause an explosion. And, next instant, the roaring giant supplied that spark!
Haughtily thrusting his young rival aside, he stalked up to the castaways, his piercing eyes raking them from head to toe. Justice met the man’s stare coolly. O’Mally clenched his big fists, and Professor Flaznagel blinked up at him curiously. To none of them did he offer any violence, however, until he came to Midge. And then, after a grunt of astonishment at the boy’s small size, he gave a guffaw, twined his fingers in Midge’s red locks, and twisted the lad’s head back with a jerk.
The man was too vast, too heavily padded with muscle to be hurt by any punch Midge could deliver. But his shins offered a splendid target! Good and hard Midge hacked them, and pain gave him strength. With all his force, the plucky youngster let drive.
Crack! The witch-doctor howled under the agony that darted up his shinbone. He released Midge’s hair and staggered back, roaring like a wounded bull. And as he hopped around on one leg, the reckless and infuriated Midge lowered his fiery head, charged in, and rammed his aggressor solidly in the short ribs.
Then bedlam broke loose in the giants’ village.
Forty huge men had been waiting only for a bare chance to start a faction fight, and Midge’s action, the humiliation of the witch-doctor, detonated the charge. In the twinkling of an eye Justice & Co. were the storm-centre of a fierce melee as the rivals flung themselves at each other’s throats.
Plunging men knocked them aside, hurled them this way and that, while weapons clashed, shouts and thudding blows resounded, and dust arose in clouds. Yelling like maniacs, the sorcerer’s henchmen strove to capture the castaways, only to be rolled back by the rush of Buktu and his friends.
At the first sign of trouble the ranks of the guards had broken, and now they were behind Buktu, backing up the warriors and paddlers, their tridents flashing in the red light of the braziers as they drove into the fanatical followers of the witch-doctor.
Within a minute it was impossible to distinguish one side from the other. Only the huge form of the witch-doctor himself, holding his own against three of Buktu’s men, stood out from the melee.
“LOOK out—behind you, captain!” A sudden shout from O’Mally caused Justice to spin on his heel. Behind him, a savage grill on his painted face, towered one of the followers of the witch-doctor, who had slipped from the fight unnoticed and made a detour to come up behind the castaways.
With a shout the man leapt forward, reaching out to grasp Justice. But he never got there. Quick as thought, another figure leapt between Justice and his attacker. His raised trident crashed down, was raised and thrust again, and then he had hurled himself back into the battle, leaving his adversary to crawl painfully to safety.
And still the pack of hard-breathing men surged backwards and forwards before Justice & Co. as the tide of battle ebbed and flowed. So far, the fight had not actually involved the castaways, but now, suddenly, they found themselves in the middle of it, and in danger of being parted.
Justice drove a fist into one painted face, but in another moment vice-like hands collared and dragged him back. With his comrades he was hustled, shoved, and pulled through a seething mob of villagers, and all five were unceremoniously bundled into a dark hut, whilst the victorious paddlers and guards fought a savage rearguard action against the witchdoctor’s men.
Then suddenly the horns brayed forth again—and the riot ceased even quicker that it had broken out. Scarcely had the echoes died away when a tense stillness descended upon the strange and quarrelsome tribe.
Midge gulped, clawing the dust from his eyes, filling his lungs with warm, stale air.
“Sounds as though the old ’un’s called time!” he chuckled groggily, and promptly collapsed, face downwards, upon a soft pile of skins.
For what seemed an age, Justice & Co. sprawled in the hut, gasping for breath, wondering what was to happen next, and listening to the tramp of feet, the occasional clink of a spear, and wrathful growls as the rioters dispersed. The flashes of a torch shone through the rush curtain over the doorway at last, and Justice sat up alertly.
Warily he scrambled to his feet as the fighting leader of the paddlers and two of his stalwarts entered.
Their visit was obviously peaceful. To Justice’s amazement, broad smiles lighted up their clear-cut faces; they chuckled deeply, like men well pleased with themselves and the castaways. Moreover, their brawny captain petrified Midge by suddenly stepping across and patting the lad gently on the shoulder. And—they had brought food!
A large stew-pot that gave forth a fragrant aroma was planted on the floor beside earthenware bowls containing mealie-porridge, topped by the succulent shoots of bamboo. A bunch of bananas, horns of goat’s milk, some fruit that looked like large yellow plums, and a skin bag of water followed, and the giants invited their “guests" to fall to.
Buktu chuckled as the castaways eagerly obeyed; then, pausing only to lay a warning finger across their lips, the three vanished into the darkness without a sound.
“Grub!” sighed Midge. But Captain Justice, bidding hunger wait a while longer, rose and tiptoed to the door.
Outside, through chinks in the curtain, he saw a line of tall men leaning vigilantly on their spears. Sentries—guards! Yet somehow, the shrewd adventurer felt sure they had not been stationed there to prevent the white strangers from attempting to escape. Rather, their duty was to protect them from any further attack on the part of the dangerous witchdoctor and his fanatical crew.
Perplexed, his mind in a whirl, Justice turned and dropped down among his busy companions. He shook his head wearily as Len, pushing the stew-pot nearer, asked a question.
“What do I think of things, lad?” Justice repeated. “By James, I think we’re in a nasty fix! This tall fellow, Buktu, is on our side right enough—he’s as pleased as punch with you, Midge, for booting that painted swab and giving him the chance to start a rough house. But the witch-doctor —ugh!
“That brute wants to have his own way with us. And as far as I can see, the old chief hasn't made up his mind whether to let us live because we rescued Buktu, or hand us over to the witch-doctor for sacrifice! So, my lads, I’m afraid we’re between two fires—and the only thing to do is to watch your step! What do you say, Midge, you red-haired young hero?”
“More grub!” said Midge, and that closed the moody discussion. As soon as the meal was ended, full fed and whacked to the wide, Captain Justice & Co. sank one by one into oblivion. In the midst of the giants, with their fate still in the balance, they slept the sleep of utter exhaustion.

The old witch-doctor gives ’em another look-up when they awaken—and you're due for some more Startling THRILLS Next Week!

The Painted Ogre

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The Painted Ogre
Part 7 0f 12
Part 1 of The Castaways

By Murray Roberts
From The Modern Boy magazine, 18 August 1934, No. 341, Vol. 14. Digitized by Doug Frizzle, November 2014.
Stillwoods.Blogspot.Com

In unexplored mountain-regions of Africa, hemmed in between cannibals, and tribesmen on the brink of civil war, CAPTAIN JUSTICE & CO. face up to fiendish Black Magic—and produce some White Magic of their own!

The Sleepers Awake!
CAPTAIN JUSTICE stirred uneasily on his bed of animal skins.
Suddenly his lean figure grew taut, as strong brown fingers that were tugging impatiently at his shoulder succeeded at last in jerking him out of his abyss of slumber.
His own hand slid mechanically towards his belt—but the movement was as fruitless as it was instinctive. No weapon hung there; he had not even a belt. As the realisation of these facts burst upon his sleep-clouded wits, Justice sat up with a jerk.
A dull red flush of anger darkened his tanned cheeks. Sunlight was streaming in on him through the rush curtain that overhung the door of the mud-and-wattle hut in which he lay.
And beside him crouched a handsome young giant, whose firm hand still rested on the captain’s shoulder—a splendid specimen of manhood—a picture of strength and physical grace, for all that the young giant’s broad left shoulder was swathed in a coarse bandage of tapa cloth. From his right, secured by a copper clasp, a leopard skin flowed down across his tremendous chest, and the three tall eagle plumes thrust through his kinky black locks rustled as he nodded his head in greeting. The sharply defined lines of his face betrayed a fierce, proud, and warlike nature. But the smile that hovered about his chiselled lips was friendly.
“Buktu!” Captain Justice spoke softly. And at the sound of his name on the white man’s tongue the young warrior’s smile broadened into one of pleasure and surprise. Patting the captain’s shoulder, he nodded vigorously and rose to his full height—six feet six of brawn and rippling muscle! Then his sinewy hands moved in a few brief gestures that easily overcame the barriers of speech.
“Want us to get up, eh?” Justice said. “Well, we seem to have slept long enough—though, by James, we needed it, after all we went through yesterday! All right Buktu, old son, I'll rouse the others!”
The tall warrior strode to the door, holding the curtain aside long  enough to give Justice a glimpse of other golden-brown stalwarts leaning on their peculiar three-pronged spears outside. Then he vanished, and Captain Justice turned his head to gaze down at his sleeping comrades.
All four sprawled on soft beds of skins, breathing peacefully. Not one had stirred a finger since falling to sleep after a much-needed meal the previous evening.
With his long white beard straggling down on to his narrow chest, his large horn-rimmed spectacles perched askew on his prominent nose, Professor Flaznagel, the wor1d-famous scientist and inventor, lay flat on his back.
Beside him, Len Connor slumbered soundly with face pillowed on his arms. Next to him huddled the red-haired, freckled, and diminutive Midge. Dr. O’Mally, the corpulent Irishman, lay with his bald head lolling over the edge of his bed, and weird rumbling sounds issued from his wide-open mouth at every deep breath he drew.
A motley crew of scarecrows Justice and his companions looked, in their tattered remnants of pyjama suits! Flaznagel's home-made sandals had been frayed to pieces, and the shooting-boots which the others wore were in scarcely better plight. Their cheeks looked pinched and sunken; O’Mally’s heavy jowl was covered with a stubbly beard, four days old; and the innumerable weals and scratches on their bodies showed through the holes in their garments. And yet they were lucky to be alive!
Justice glanced distastefully down at his own torn and muddy self.
“By James, I’d give all I possess just now for a bath, a razor, and a clean white suit! And after that.” he added, “I’d borrow all I could just to pay for the privilege of five minutes alone with Xavier Kuponos, the hound who worked this stunt on us! By thunder, I’d teach him to dump five white men into the worst spot in unknown Africa, in their pyjamas, without food, gear, or a single weapon between ’em! I’d make that Greek renegade wish he'd never been born. And I’ll do it yet!”
Then Justice picked up a large skin bag containing water, swished it round once or twice, and began the task of waking his friends. Swoosh!
The stream of tepid liquid soused down on Midge’s face and neck, rousing him violently from the land o’ dreams. Len gasped and started up under the same treatment, while O’Mally let out a spluttering roar, whirled his massive fists in all directions, and sat up snorting like an enraged bull.
FLAZNAGEL was the only one whom Justice awakened with some care. The old scientist’s health was not good enough to warrant such drastic methods.
“Come on—show a leg, you lubbers! Daylight’s burning!” chuckled Justice. And with many a groan, growl, and glare, his followers struggled up into wakefulness.
“Sufferin’ cats, have a heart, skipper!” Midge reproved him, yawning, shaking water from his fiery locks and gazing owlishly round the hut. “Still among the giddy giants, are we? Dash it! I was just having a wonderful dream of grub and—”
“Och, stow it, ye insect!” O’Mally snorted. He licked his lips, grimaced, and darted an injured look at his leader. “Faith, Justice, ’tis a rotten knocker-up ye are, an' that water tastes pretty rotten, too! Phaugh! What’s the matter with the Stuff? It tasted all right last night—though sure I’d have lapped up ditch-water then and enjoyed it! But now—oof!”
Justice laughed, for now that he glanced at it, the stale water from the skin bag did look somewhat brown and off colour.
“Sorry to rouse you all so suddenly!” he retorted. “Friend Buktu has just been in, and he wants us all on parade for something. Furthermore, it’s afternoon now, judging by the sun, so we’ve slept something like eighteen hours—not bad!”
“Not enough, you mean!” grunted Midge, though he rose promptly enough. Having cast a sorrowful eye at the uneatable remains of last night’s meal, he made a move towards the door.
Captain Justice, however, checked him.
“Just a second, lad! I’ve something to say to you all before we go out,” began the castaways’ leader in a voice that, quiet and controlled though it was, made the rest look at him sharply. “I suppose that you all remember exactly what happened last night when we were brought into this village? If you don’t, or if you’re still hazy on some of the details, I’ll just make our position perfectly clear before we go outside.
“My lads, we’re in a thoroughly awkward fix. Caught between two fires describes it mildly. It’s pretty clear that these big fellows have never hit across white men before, and I'm still not sure whether we’re captives, guests, or candidates for sacrifice.” Justice drew a deep breath. “But what I do know is this: There are two rival factions among the giants, and they like each other about as much as we like Xavier Kuponos. And we’re the latest bone of contention between them.
“On one hand, there are Buktu and his fellow-warriors. On the other, that ghastly painted witch-doctor and his fanatics. Buktu, we know, is our friend. The witch-doctor isn’t—and that’s why Buktu’s friends have been guarding this hut ever since! As for the old chief of the tribe, it seems to me a toss-up whether he spares us or hands us over to the witch-doctor. Buktu is either the old man’s son or a great favourite, but the witchdoctor’s a big man in the tribe, too.
“That witch-doctor wants us for sacrifice—and the brute won’t be happy till he gets us. Against that, we want to get back to some outpost of civilisation, where we can get in touch with our friends, and, later on, set about wringing Xavier Kuponos’ neck! So, until we’ve sized up the lie of the land, my sons—watch your step! Understand?”
“We understand, captain!” replied four voices as one, and Justice cocked his bearded chin at its customary aggressive angle.
“Right! Then come on out, and let’s have our first look at the giants' headquarters by daylight.”
Captain Justice swept the rush-curtain aside, and stepped warily out into the open, his comrades close on his heels.
The hour was even later than the captain had thought, for already the sun hung low in the skies. Yet its rays still had power to dazzle their eyes, so that for the first minute or two men and objects around them were shrouded in a green-blue haze. Presently, as they grew accustomed to the light, the castaways edged back into the shadow of the hut and gazed about them with eager interest.
Grouped before them in a motionless half-circle stood Buktu and his guards, all wearing leopard-skins and headdresses of eagle plumes. The giants uttered no sound. Their faces remained impassive.
Above and behind the ring of warriors bulked the huge thatched hut which Justice & Co. now knew to be the palace of the old chief. Farther on, drawn up in two irregular lines that flanked the broad village “street,” straggled the smaller huts of the tribesmen, who packed the doorways, their faces all turned towards the five strangers.

Flaznagel Strikes Oil!
THE village itself was built down in the shelter of a shelving hollow, shaped rather like an enormous horseshoe that had been flung down among the feet of the mountains.
To the east and north it was walled in by rugged cliffs. But the western boundary was protected only by a long low rampart of stone, overlooking a gently-sloping hillside that ran down to the bank of the foaming river.
Heavily-armed sentries patrolled this parapet, their eyes rarely shifting from the miles of broken country beyond the river; while the guardsmen’s huts, of which the castaways’ was one, had been built in clusters of three along its whole length. It was from this quarter, obviously, that the giants had most reason to fear attack from their terrible tribal foes, the black cannibals.
But to Justice & Co. the strangest features of the landscape lay at the southern end of the village. There, some two hundred rough, boulder-strewn yards from where the castaways stood, the hollow was blocked in by a massive hill of dull, porous-looking rock. And its gnarled face was pitted by the black mouths of caves and scores of ragged blowholes through which poured thin streamers of pale yellow fumes.
Curling and writhing upwards, some in sluggish swirls, others in short, sharp puffs, these jets united in a shimmering cloud above the crest of the hill. The breeze, blowing softly from that direction, brought with it such a peculiar acrid and disagreeable tang that Professor Flaznagel arched his eyebrows in quick surprise.
His scientific instincts, never dormant for long, were aroused in a flash.
Sulphur!” he exclaimed, sniffing gingerly and peering with shortsighted eyes at the queer “burning” hill. “Sulphur-fumes escaping through vents. Good gracious, Justice, the interior of that hill must be one great sulphur-deposit! The wind must have shifted, for I certainly did not smell that odour last night! Really, my friends, this is a most interesting and valuable discovery!”
“Says thou!” interrupted Midge, grinning suddenly and jerking a thumb sideways. “You can keep the sulphur, Whiskers—it niffs too much. Here’s the most interesting and valuable discovery so far—this blinkin’ stream!”
Less than a score of paces to their left were the greasy waters of a rivulet that twined its length round the village like some torpid snake. Only a few feet wide, it ran out from beneath a natural culvert at the base of the eastern cliffs, and after twisting itself in serpentine coils behind the villagers’ huts it went on between huge boulders and finally disappeared—straight into the black maw of a colossal cave that yawned at the foot of the sulphur hill. Large patches of oily scum floating on its surface gave it the unwholesome appearance of a sewage-ditch. Nevertheless, the dirt-grimed castaways regarded the flowing water hopefully.
“Ah!” exclaimed Midge suddenly, “I haven’t had a decent bath or a swim for days, so here goes for a plunge. Excuse me, Buck! Back in half an hour!” the chirpy youth added, and was away before anyone could stop him.
Captain Justice and the others came after him, hot-foot. Instantly there was a startled shout from the onlookers in the village. With dark frowns on their faces, Buktu and his guards dashed forward as the castaways nipped round behind their hut.
By that time, however, Justice & Co. had taken advantage of cover to kick off their boots and doff their pyjama jackets, and, as the alarmed warriors suddenly tumbled to the strangers’ intentions, they halted in their rush to round them up. Clean-living men themselves, they clearly approved of the castaways’ desire for a bathe. Next moment, deep chuckles broke from them all as Justice, Midge, O’Mally, and Len took the water in a flying leap.
Only Professor Flaznagel held back. With him, curiosity always came before bodily comfort. The professor was far more interested in the greasy puddles that mottled the surface of the brook than in the enjoyment of a bathe. Thus, slowly and carefully, he lowered his lank, pyjama-clad form into the water and began wading upstream.
Then, with great care, he skimmed a hand across the top of a large shiny patch, peered closely at his dripping fingers, and finally touched one with the tip of his tongue. A moment later, with a vigour that sent the water swirling around him, he swung on Captain Justice.
“Oil! I knew it—I knew it! Gracious, Justice, look at this!”
Brandishing his hand excitedly, Flaznagel plunged forward and thrust it under the captain's nose, his every movement watched by keen eyes on the bank.
“Oil! Crude petroleum!” he cried shrilly. “I suspected its presence after tasting the stale water in that skin-bag—though, of course, the people here cannot possibly use this stream for drinking purposes. They must draw their water from a well or some other source that is not so heavily permeated with oil as this, otherwise their health would pay the penalty. Look, Justice!”
Smiling at his old friend’s enthusiasm, Justice raised a wet hand. The water drained from it at once, leaving tiny globules of some glistening brown liquid on the skin. He applied his tongue to one—and pulled a wry face.
“Oil it is!” he declared, staring curiously at the eastern cliffs whence the stream issued forth. “H’m, must be some rich beds of oil-sand or shale somewhere deeper in these mountains, and the stream taps them. Reminds me of the creeks in the Texas oil country. Quite a discovery, professor—that and the sulphur! I wonder if the giants know how to make use of either?”   .
“Certainly not of the oil!” Flaznagel stated positively. “I observed last night that they used torches for illumination, and charcoal for heat.” He rubbed his bony hands together delightedly.
“Justice, I trust you appreciate the full value of these discoveries?” he cried. “We have undoubtedly stumbled into a region whose hidden mineral wealth is colossal—amazing! I am almost grateful to that miscreant, Kuponos, for this! And the moment I feel strong enough I shall certainly carry out a thorough exploration of these mountains—particularly those cliffs yonder and this sulphur-bedded hill!” he added, with a complete and characteristic disregard of the fact that at least two hundred brawny natives could put an immediate stop to any such prospecting trips if they felt like it!
Little obstacles like that never entered Professor Flaznagel’s head. But Justice smiled dryly.
“I’d wait and get permission first,” was the advice he gave. “Come, professor, just enjoy your bathe! Our friends on the bank are looking at you pretty hard.”
“And so I should think!” said Midge severely, ever ready to have a dig at Flaznagel. “Fancy going scats over some floating oil! They’ll think you’re trying to put some trick across them—and only the blighted witchdoctor’s allowed to do that, I guess! Wonder if the big stiff is watching us just now, by the way? I’ll bet he is, blow him!”
Thoroughly refreshed by their long-overdue bath, the castaways scrambled out on to the bank at last, and began hastily pulling their clothes over wet limbs and bodies. Professor Flaznagel, striding straight back into the hut, reappeared immediately with one of the earthenware pots that had contained mealie-porridge the night before, and carefully filled it with crude oil skimmed from the brook.
Never once did he glance at the curious guards—indeed, it is doubtful if the absent-minded old scientist was aware of their presence now. For their part, Buktu and his friends allowed him to come and go in good-humoured silence, while they watched the actions of Justice & Co. with amusement and interest.
Dressed and feeling like a new man, Dr. O’Mally stretched himself luxuriously, then stroked his unshaven chin.
“Bedad, if that wasn't the best bath I've ever had!” he chuckled, seating himself on a sunlit rock. “All I could wish for now, Justice, is my shaving tackle and—Begorrah! Och, now, will ye look at this?”
Uttering an exclamation of amazement, the doctor broke off, and stared, wide-eyed, as one of the young warriors stalked forward bearing a squat bowl of greasy paste. Gravely he pointed to the contents, then to O’Mally’s chin. Next moment, after a hesitating glance at Buktu, he also handed over a small two-edged blade.
“Sure, 'tis mind-readers ye are!” the doctor chuckled to Buktu and company. “An’ faith, I can see now that ye’re gentlemen who like to shave now an’ then—not go about with whiskers down to your knees like some I could mention!” he added, with a wink at the absorbed professor. “Look, Flaznagel! Another grand discovery, though it may not interest you! And I must say, Justice, ’tis fearsome-looking shaving-soap, is it not?”
It was—for the paste was not only oily and sticky, but rancid. Justice and O’Mally, however, smeared it on thickly, while Professor Flaznagel ambled over to investigate the stuff.
“H’m, yes, animal lard, mixed with some vegetable dye,” he announced. “It will probably irritate your skin considerably, Justice, so pray be careful. My dear friends,”—he blinked benevolently at the sombrely-smiling guards—“I could quite easily show you a method of improving this compound, and— er—h’mmm! Yes, quite so!”
Suddenly realising, both from the blank expressions of the warriors and the stifled mirth of his comrades, that the little lecture on soap making was as Greek to Buktu and his men, the professor tugged nervously at his beard and returned to his task of analysing the crude oil he had obtained from the brook.
Midge, full of beans now that he felt clean once more, rose from the bank to cast a wistful eye upon the village.
“Gummy!” he exclaimed. “Do I see cooking-pots yonder? Wonder when we eat? I suppose, being natives, our pals don’t feed till nearly sundown. I wish——”
But what Midge was about to wish just then, no one ever knew.
For suddenly something shrilled past his ear with a sharp, vicious whistle. And a split-second later, shooting forward like a striking snake, Buktu sprang at the boy and shoved him head-first into the oily water.
Splash! With such dynamic speed and energy did Buktu move that the alarming assault, swift as it was unexpected, was all over before anyone else could stir a muscle. One instant Midge was on the bank, the next he was floundering and gasping in the brook. Justice, his face flushed with wrath, made as if to hurl himself at the young giant. In the nick of time, however, Buktu’s imperious gesture checked him.
Snarling fiercely, the warrior pointed past Justice's shoulder, and the captain, spinning on his heel, stiffened at what he saw. In the side of the nearest hut quivered a long, slender arrow. And that arrow, as Justice saw the moment he turned again, had been fired from somewhere on the “burning hill.”
“Those infernal caves are inhabited!” he gasped, flinging himself flat. “Keep down, Midge! Stay where you are! By James, some beggar’s sniped you—and there he is!"

Fire and Smoke!
THE captain’s voice rose to a shout as suddenly he glimpsed a hideously-painted face peering out from the great cave into which the stream vanished. Other faces, just as ghoulish, thrust out from several smaller caves higher up.
The treacherous attack on Midge had failed by a hairsbreadth, and the baffled attackers took no pains to hide their mortification. Their evil mutterings swelled out, rising to a shriek of fear and rage as Buktu and his men launched their vengeful counterattack with a roar.
Maddened by the attempted assassination of young Midge, the stalwart fighting-men, sworn foes of the painted witch-doctor and all his satellites, vaulted the stream in a body. Tridents clinked and grated, upraised arms gleamed in the light of the sinking sun. Justice & Co. held their breath, watching tensely while the infuriated band dodged and swerved round the boulders, drawing ever nearer to their enemies. And then, again with a suddenness that staggered the castaways, the wily witch-doctor hit back!
In the twinkling of an eye, the darkness under the cave-mouth was shattered, rent asunder by blinding flashes of fire. Blue-green flames darted from the cavern, then everything was blotted out by dense smoke that belched forth into the open, rolling ominously upon the petrified warriors. The stifling, throat-gripping stench of sulphur filled the air. Buktu and his fellow-braves fled!
Gasping, coughing, shielding their eyes, the entire band came pelting back, scrambling blindly over the rocks, splashing through the river. It was a complete rout; cunning allied to superstition, had triumphed over sinew and brawn. Pell-mell the warriors retreated before the suffocating cloud, and Buktu paused only to hoist Midge from the water. Then he and his friends ran on—and Justice & Co. ran with them.
The warriors themselves saw to that! Even in their panic they refused to abandon Buktu’s white rescuers to the tender mercies of the witch-doctor’s crew. Professor Flaznagel, hugging his precious pot of crude petroleum, was swept along by the rush, together with O’Mally, who still clutched the native razor in one hand and the bowl of soap in the other. Justice and Len stumbled on behind them, pushed and prodded by impatient hands. And uproar raged ahead.
There was no time to argue, to protest, to make any effort to rally the terrified men. The swiftness with which the sorcerer had turned the tables took even Justice’s breath away. In one masterly stroke, launched at the psychological moment, the witch-doctor had changed brave men into shouting cravens—had turned what had been a resolute charge into frenzied retreat.
Buktu and his warriors might be first-class fighting-men against foes they could see or feel. But at heart they were savages, easy meat for any clever exponent of mumbo-jumbo who came along!
Down the village street poured the fugitives, nor did they pause until they reached the last group of guard-huts under the rampart. Then, with the desperate air of men whose backs are hopelessly to the wall, they checked their headlong flight. Without ceremony, Justice & Co. were hustled down behind a small cooking fire. Breathless, flustered, and more than a little scornful of their hefty but shivering escorts, the castaways crouched down in the midst of badly scared men.
“By the black banshees of Bally-moyle! What the purple pig does all this mean?”
Dr. O’Mally was the first to give tongue as he struggled to his knees, glowering back at the sulphur hill.
By this time the evil-smelling cloud had thinned out and the breeze was wafting the fumes across the village. All the hut doors were closed and the street deserted, while the wailing of women and children showed that Buktu’s guards were not the only ones to be smitten by fear of the witch-doctor.
Yet, although Justice & Co. strained their eyes, they could see no signs of that malignant spell-binder or his followers. The distant cave-mouths were empty again. The hill seemed completely deserted.
“My hat!” Justice panted. “Fancy that confounded ash dump being inhabited! I never even suspected it until that swab let drive at young Midge! I thought—”
“But what’s it all mean?” O’Mally repeated plaintively. “What the plague caused all that fire and smoke?”
Professor Flaznagel frowned.
“Trickery!” he exclaimed. “Mere trickery on the part of a charlatan to instil fear into ignorant and superstitious minds! O’Mally, surely you must know that that outbreak was caused simply by a large quantity of burning sulphur, nothing more! Ridiculous! There was little enough to be afraid of—certainly no reason why I should have been so violently disturbed in my examination of the contents of this jar.”
“Wasn’t there?” Midge grinned shakily, and glanced at the tense ring of warriors who were gripping their tridents so tightly that their knuckles gleamed under the skin. “Well, just have a dekko at Buck & Co. Sufferin’ snakes, they’re scared blue! Hi, Buck, pull yourself to pieces, old boss! I’m ashamed of you, bolting like—”
“Stow it, my lad!” Justice snapped suddenly. “These men aren’t cowards, as we should know! By James, there’s something more in this than meets the eye!”
As if he understood the words, Buktu turned at the sound of the captain’s voice, and looked at him squarely. The great warrior’s expression was one of mingled shame and defiance. But his eyes said plainly:
“It is true we are afraid. But we have more to be afraid of than strangers can know!”
And Justice, for all his nerve, felt a little chill trickle down his spine.
“This business isn’t over yet,” he whispered. “It looks to me as though Buktu’s men have bitten off a lot more than they can chew this trip. That artful scoundrel of a witch-doctor has sprung a new trick on ’em, or something—one that’s shocked the daylight clean out of them. Jingo, I’ve never seen a bunch of fine men collapse so quickly. And now they’re squirming on tenterhooks, wondering what his next move will be.
“I’ve an idea, too, that the next move will come when darkness falls,” he went on quietly. “Anyway, these fellows are keeping a pretty anxious watch on the sun for some reason, so look out!”
It was a shrewd remark on Justice’s part—for ever and anon, the warriors dragged their eyes from the enemy hill and squinted uneasily at the sun, now touching the crests of the western hills. All sounds had died away; a stillness, like the heart-throbbing silence that ushers in a storm, lay heavily over the village. Shadows deepened. The crouching men stirred restlessly. But still nothing happened.
“Darkness, eh?”
With an abruptness that caused jangled nerves to jump and quiver, Professor Flaznagel came out of a deep reverie and spoke. His eyes, under white bushy brows, held a peculiar gleam in their depths, and Justice started again as a sharp chuckle broke from the old scientist’s lips.
“What’s biting you, Whiskers?” Midge asked, but the professor disdained to explain. Instead, he increased his comrades’ mystification by quietly taking the bowl of grease from O’Mally’s side and placing it between his knees.
“Darkness!” he repeated, but would say no more. The nerve-racking wait continued until darkness concealed the mountains.
And still silence muffled the village of the giants—until with appalling suddenness came the wild blare of horns swelling out stridently from the burning hill!
The witch-doctor and his retinue were coming!
To the sound of a second fanfare, scores of torches flared redly against the blackness of the hill, rising and falling as the bearers pressed forward. Captain Justice rose, with chin outthrust and lips compressed to a bitter line, and Professor Flaznagel hunched his skinny shoulders closer. As for Buktu and his guards, they, too, rose to their feet. But they rose slowly, silently, like men prepared to fight to the last gasp, knowing that the odds were heavily against them.
Across the boulder-strewn space, over the brook and through the village street, the eerie procession wended its way, its progress plainly visible in the ruddy glare of the torches. No harm was done to the villagers cowering behind barred doors. Buktu’s men alone were the quarry.
Neither did Justice & Co. witness any attempt at interference on the part of the old chief, whose great hut lay in darkness. That ancient ruler, it seemed, was allowing matters to take their course—caring little, apparently, that civil war was about to rip the tribe asunder.
“Stand by!” Captain Justice jerked out the order as the witchdoctor’s troupe emerged from between the lines of dwellings, coming to a halt thirty paces from the squad of hard-breathing guards. There were, the captain saw, far more of the grotesquely garbed and painted fiends now than he had counted last night. And though physically these human tigers were of the same mighty breed as Buktu’s henchmen, there the resemblance between the rival factions ended.
The faces of the witch-doctor’s crew were of a baser type—lacking the handsomeness, the manly simplicity, and grave good-humour of the fighting-men. Their eyes glittered wolfishly, there was something brutish about their movements, their loose-lipped mouths, and the way they gibbered and growled one to the other. Clearly the witch-doctor ruled over his own distinct clan. A tribe within a tribe—savage fanatics who lived their own lives in the sulphur-ridden depths of their own sinister hill!
“Watch ’em!” Captain Justice spoke again, edging forward a little to cover Midge as the witch-doctor himself suddenly strode from the swaying ranks. Once more the castaways found themselves repelled by the very sight of that ponderous bull of a man—the painted ogre who had twice come within an ace of killing Midge!

The Human Torch!
WITH head arrogantly flung back, the sorcerer swaggered on, his kilt of monkeys’ tails swishing about his muscular loins, the necklaces of cowrie-shells and leopards’ teeth jingling and glimmering on his breast. But now, in place of the whip he had wielded the previous night, he gripped something that looked like a long stout tube of horn.
In husky sentences the barbarian shouted a demand, pointing contemptuously to Justice & Co. And although Buktu spat back a dogged refusal, he and his companions flinched badly next moment, as flame and smoke spurted magically from the black object in their enemy’s hand.
“More bunkum!” yelled Midge, thrusting forward to thumb his nose derisively at the magician. “Bats! That’s only a horn full of burning sulphur, with a hinged flap over the top. Look, skipper, watch the big baboon’s right thumb! Come on. Buck! He’s nothing but a tingle-tangle conjurer!”
Of little avail, however, were the plucky lad’s words and actions.
Again Buktu’s men grunted and recoiled as another jet of flame and smoke spurted from the witchdoctor's hand, and his satellites screamed with evil mirth. Justice’s heart, sank. The men around him were half-beaten already, bravely though they strove to conceal it. Out of the corner of his eye, the captain saw Flaznagel suddenly snatch a burning stick from the dying fire, but he had no time to wonder what the professor was up to. For now the painted fiends were on the move again.
Flourishing their blazing torches, the dreadful band advanced, slowly at first, spreading out to surround Justice & Co. and their quaking defenders. Justice gritted his teeth, snatching fiercely at a weakly held trident. Buktu suddenly roared out his war-cry.
At the last moment the young warrior strove to stiffen his men. But his shouts were drowned by the triumphant screeches of the enemy. Hooting and yelling, the witchdoctor’s fanatics bunched together, flung up their spears, and came storming tempestuously to the attack.
At that nightmare moment, Professor Flaznagel plunged into the fight with both hands!
Exactly what the old scientist did, not one of his comrades saw.
But suddenly flashes of pale fire sprang up in their midst—and, as they recoiled with gasps of alarm, Professor Flaznagel stumbled hastily, awkwardly, through the gap. Out into the open he ran, squarely in the path of the charging demons.
Then, without word or cry, the old hero made a bee-line for the gigantic sorcerer—with flames writhing and sputtering from his bare hands.
“Professor! Come back! Oh, great Scott!”
Justice, livid to the lips, plunged after him, but was too late. The professor had the bit between his teeth. From wrists to finger-tips his hands were alight, the blazing streamers darting and fluttering as he waved his arms on high. It was stupendous—magnificent! And it worked.
Themselves ridden by superstition, the witch-doctor’s satellites lost their nerve as completely as Buktu and his men had done earlier on.
One glance was enough—one shocked, terrified glance at that tall spectral figure bearing down on them, with long white hair flapping wildly—with beard bristling and flame-wrapped fingers sweeping through the air in fiery arcs! The yelling ceased, and in its stead rose a shuddering moan of awful fear. Then weapons crashed to the ground, torches were snuffed out or flung away, and the crazy retreat began.
All on his own, Professor Flaznagel panicked the maddened crew. All on his own he made a clumsy spring at the witch-doctor, and only missed by a fraction.
The sorcerer reeled back under the onslaught, with horror glazing his goggling eyes. Then he turned to flee, whimpering like a beaten cur. As he did so, the flames that licked at Flaznagel’s fingers died out as swiftly as they had been born. With a shout of pain, the old scientist clapped his hands under his armpits and broke into a weird dance by the light of the fallen torches.
Simultaneously—before the paint-daubed fugitives could recover from the shock—Captain Justice rammed the advantage home.
It was one of those stormy moments when a born leader comes into his own—be his skin white, brown, or yellow. The crisis produced the man, and that man was Captain Justice! He let out a shout that rang high above the din, and raced forward, waving the warriors on to pursuit. And Buktu and his men followed him like roaring lions.
Released from the bonds of fear, savagely eager to wipe out the disgrace they had suffered, the stalwart squad sprang to life again, thundering out their war-cry as they swarmed after their new leader. Justice had barely time to shout: “Look after Flaznagel, boys!” and then he had to spurt to avoid being bowled over. Shoulder to shoulder, Buktu’s spearmen swept down the village street—and no one said them nay.
There was no opposition. The witch-doctors were on the run—beaten by Professor Flaznagel! Out of the village, back across the brook and to the foot of the burning hill, their rivals hunted them, without pause or mercy. Only Captain Justice’s vehement gestures at last prevented the vengeful warriors from flinging themselves recklessly up into the black caves.
Meanwhile Midge, O’Mally, and Len were attending joyously to Professor Flaznagel.
Raw burns disfigured the old man’s wrists, but, to the amazement of his comrades, neither his hands nor fingers had suffered harm. When pressed for explanations, he merely shrugged.
“It was nothing—perfectly simple!” he announced snappishly. “But since trickery seemed to be the order of the day here, I thought it high time to indulge in a trick of my own. I would, however, advise you not to attempt it yourselves. It could be a highly dangerous trick when practised by one less skilful than myself!”
Midge glared at him speechlessly.
“You—you stuck-up, frabjous, gorgeous old hero!” the youngster exploded at last. "Moanin’ moggies, you barge straight into that mob of man-eaters, you give them the jumping jitters, and then you say it was nothing! What did you do, dash it? That’s what we want to know!”
Professor Flaznagel shrugged again impatiently. But a sly twinkle lurked in his eyes. “Why, I merely smeared my hands with a thick protective layer of grease,” he explained. “Then I ran the crude oil over them and applied a burning stick. In short, I introduced our fire-eating friends to another experiment in combustion. The resultant flames, of course, did not live long. But they lived long enough, don't you think?”
Dr. O’Mally appeared to be trembling on the verge of apoplexy.
“They—they—by the Harp of Erin, they did that!” he spluttered delightedly, and caught the professor in a bear-like hug. “Flaznagel, ’tis a broth of a boy and a cunning old serpent ye are, entirely!”
“Cunning isn’t the word for it!” exclaimed Midge admiringly. “You’re a giddy marvel, professor! You’re an absolutely first-class magician—at least, you would be,” he hastily amended, “if you could do one thing.”
“I do not claim to be a magician, boy,” retorted Professor Flaznagel loftily. “I am a scientist. Do not class me with those ignorant witchdoctors merely because I have made use of the natural resources to hand to teach those fools that they are not the only ones who can produce fiery phenomena.
“ What I did was merely child’s play—the sort of thing any small boy should be able to do.”
"All right—all right!” said Midge. “Don’t get ratty about it. Anybody would think I’d been sneering about what you did, instead of praising it. Never knew such a chap as you, professor, for going off the deep end at the wrong moment.”
“Say no more, my boy,” said Professor Flaznagel, laying a kindly hand on Midge’s shoulder. “It was just a moment’s irritation on my part at the thought that in your eyes my claim to greatness lay in being able to perform a simple trick and scare a few ignorant savages.
“Come,” he added, “tell me what it was you had in mind when you spoke of my doing something to establish myself as a first-class magician in your eyes.”
“For two pins I wouldn’t tell you,” grinned Midge. “But there, none of us have got two pins, so here goes. If you can produce a meal as easily as you produced that fire and scared those blinkin’ witch-doctors stiff, you’ll have Maskelyne and Devant and all those other mystery johnnies licked into a cocked hat! What about it? Can you produce a slap-up feed from your old grass hat?”
For a moment the professor gazed at Midge in dumbfounded astonishment; then his cheeks flushed, and it seemed as if he was about to give the hungry youngster a lashing with his tongue. But before the old scientist could speak, Dr. O’Mally broke in.
“Bcgorrah!” he exclaimed. “Will nothing ever keep your thoughts off your stomach, ye greedy spalpeen? Never did I know such a boy. Instead of being thankful that others have thoughts above food and save ye from unknown dangers, all ye can think about is eating, bad cess to ye!”
“Oh, stow it, Fatty!” growled Midge. “Seems to me you must all have lost your sense of humour, together with your other possessions, when that blighter Kuponos dumped us into this benighted spot!
“Gummy,” he added, his fists clenching and his face flushing, “if I’m going to have you and the professor down on me like a ton of bricks every time I try to be humorous, that’s another score I’ll have to settle with that blinkin’ Greek!”
“Huh!” grunted O’Mally “First time I’ve ever known you joke about food!”
“Joke! ’Course it was a joke!” snorted Midge. “D’ye think I’d be well-nigh starving at this moment if old Whiskers could conjure up a meal whenever he wanted to?
“Thank goodness here’s the captain coming back!” he went on, his face brightening. “Now this business is settled, perhaps we shall really be able to get something to eat!”
Panting, soaked with perspiration, but jauntily erect, Captain Justice appeared, with Buktu and a dozen beaming giants at his heels. The latter fell back at sight of Flaznagel, and stood watching him with respectful awe. But Justice, his face lighting up, grasped the old professor by the shoulders, shaking him affectionately.
“A wonderful deed, Flaznagel—the bravest I’ve ever seen!” he cried, with a ring in his voice that made his friend smile placidly. “The rumpus is over now! Those ghouls have dived back into their lairs, and Buktu's posted a strong guard along the brook. We’ll have no more trouble this night—thanks to you! But now, listen, professor! You’ve done even better work than you know!”
With a quick gesture. Justice gathered his comrades closer about him.
“After this, we’re Number One fellahs with the fighting-men of this village!” he said quietly. “They’ve tumbled to it at last that we’re not quite the helpless castaways they thought. They like us; they think you’re a more powerful fetish-man than that big swab, professor, and—well, you saw how they followed me in that charge! And now I’ll tell you something else.
“Sooner or later we’re going to fight our way out of this wilderness, back to civilisation, and Buktu and his squad will be our guides and escorts! They don’t know it yet, but, believe me, that’s what we’ve got to aim for! In fact—”
Justice suddenly flung back his head, and Buktu’s men stiffened as his laughter rang out, confident and carefree.
“We came into this tribe with nothing,” he cried, “but before we’re finished, by James, we’ll be leaders of the giants! And now, come on and get some food and rest somewhere! My lads, Xavier Kuponos hasn’t heard the last of us by a jolly long way!”

Next week an astounding discovery helps the Comrades on to further unexpected triumphs—and Justice starts to make himself absolute Boss of the Giants!

Mind the Doors, Please!

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MIND the DOORS, PLEASE!
The Guard’s “Magic” Switchboard
From The Modern Boy magazine, #342, Vol. 14; 25 August 1934.
Digitized by Doug Frizzle. Stillwoods.Blogspot.Com


EVERY fellow who has travelled on London’s Underground Railways knows the sliding doors which open—somewhat mysteriously—by themselves, and when everyone has got into or out of a coach, shut again. Nobody touches them, or so it seems!
Next time you get the chance, get into the last coach on the train, where the guard always travels. He’s the man in charge of the doors. He’s in charge of the whole train really, as we shall see presently.
When the train gets to a station, watch what he does. He’ll step up to a switchboard, and, as soon as the train stops, will push a button on the board. Watch those doors, and you’ll see them slowly open and stay open. You may hear a slight hiss of escaping air, too.
When the train is ready to go off again, the guard presses another button, and the doors shut. As soon as they’re shut, he presses a third button—the middle one on the switch-board—and that gives the signal to the driver that all’s well and he can go ahead—which he docs.
How’s it done? To each sliding door there is an engine, and it is fixed underneath and behind the seat cushions nearest to the door it has to work. It consists of a cylinder, with a piston working inside it. The piston rod has a bar fixed to it with cog teeth cut on its end. These teeth engage with a cogwheel, called a “pinion.” If the piston rod moves, it turns the pinion.
On the pinion is fixed a long lever with a roller bearing at its end, which runs in a groove fixed to a framework extension of the door itself. So you see—look at the picture—that if you turn the arm, you pull open the door. That’s all that happens.
When the guard presses the button, he closes a switch which allows an electric current to work a valve. This valve, in its turn, allows air under pressure to go into the door-engine cylinder, and this, acting on the piston, pushes it one way or the other. As the piston moves, so it turns the pinion, which moves the arm, which moves the door!
The air that does the work is the same air that works the brakes, only the pressure is let down a bit first.
As it is important to secure the doors in the shut position, air is kept in the cylinders of the engines all the time. When the doors are to be opened, this air has to be released first, and that hissing noise you may hear will be caused in that way.
When each door is truly shut, an electric tell-tale sends its signal to the guard, and until all these signals have come in it, isn’t a bit of use his sending the wire to the driver, because the driver won’t get it!
On one of each pair of sliding doors there is a spring arm, so that if anyone did get trapped between the doors the spring would come into action. The passenger could easily get away, and then the door would close properly—but until it was fairly closed the train couldn’t start! 

Trial by Combat

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 Trial By Combat!
The Castaways, Part 8 of 12
For Part 1 HERE
By Murray Roberts
From The Modern Boy magazine, #342, Vol. 14, 25 August 1934.
Digitized by Doug Frizzle, November 2014,
Stillwoods.Blogspot.Com

Who is the best Fighting Man in Unexplored Africa? On the answer to that depend the lives of CAPTAIN JUSTICE and his Comrades—castaways in the village of the Golden Giants!

A Council of War!
“WEEPIN’ willows, this is an absolute thriller! Go it! Go it, ye cripples! Go it, both sides—and I’ll challenge the winner!”
Young Midge’s freckled face was aglow beneath the limp rush-hat he wore jammed down on his fiery head. His eyes shone, his snub nose twitched, his shrill voice sounded even shriller than usual. He squirmed and wriggled, and made such a first-class nuisance of himself that Dr. O’Mally, Captain Justice’s second-in-command, raised a large and podgy hand and clapped it over the excited youngster's mouth.
“Och, put a sock in it, ye pest! ’Tis wrestling we’re watchin’, not listening to your footlin’ gab! Ye’ll challenge the winner, indeed! What at—eating?”
“Stow it, the pair of you!” exclaimed Len Connor, all his attention centred on the stirring scene before him. “Trust you two to wrangle when—Ah, now you’ve got him!” he exclaimed, elbowing Midge aside in his enthusiasm. “Go on—into him—you’ve got him. Oh, well done!"
Len shouted, and Midge and O’Mally joined in. Next instant their cheers were drowned by a sudden roar of deeper voices that wakened the echoes among the surrounding cliffs.
Jammed shoulder to shoulder, the three members of that adventurous band known as Captain Justice & Co. formed part of a large and noisy throng of copper-hued spectators, drawn up in a circle in the village of the Golden Giants, as Midge called them—strange, stalwart men of an unknown race who inhabited the wild African mountains into which the castaway five had wandered. And within the circle, two superbly built wrestlers were making the dust fly in a friendly but gruelling bout.
Lithe, quick-footed, and strong as panthers, the two splendid athletes had been wrestling without pause for the past fifteen minutes, while their huge fellow-tribesmen shouted themselves hoarse. Wrestling, obviously, was the favourite sport among these strapping fighting-men—all-in wrestling, with no holds barred!
Six days Justice & Co., who had been dumped into this unexplored part of wild Africa, out of an aeroplane, without food or weapons, and clad only in their pyjamas, by a scoundrelly Greek named Kuponos, had now spent in the Giants’ village; and every morning, soon after sun-up, they had watched the young warriors of the tribe do their best to tear each other apart, bout following bout, until the heat put a stop to such strenuous exercise.
From the very first, Captain Justice & Co. had taken a keen interest in the lusty proceedings. Only Professor Flaznagel, the celebrated scientist and inventor, the fifth member of the party, preferred to amuse himself in other ways, for the professor’s mind soared above such affairs as wrestling. At the moment he was carrying out experiments in one of the huts—experiments likely to bode ill for their enemies!
“Best bout of the week so far,” muttered Len, a sound judge of any form of athletics. “Pity the skipper’s missed this one,” the youngster added, for on this particular morning Captain Justice had absented himself from the bouts for some reason. “Wonder where he is?”
Then, carried away by a fresh surge of excitement, Len promptly forgot his leader as one of the wrestlers, after a narrow escape from a fall, wriggled loose and skipped out of range.
For a moment or two both the antagonists paused, hands held low, fingers curling and uncurling. They eyed each other grimly, the early Sunlight gilding their shining, golden-brown figures as they swayed and sidestepped, sparring for an opening. Then, quick as thought, the taller, with an old knife scar seaming his brow, dived in again, his long arms coiling themselves round the other’s loins.
Thud: There sounded the dull impact of muscular bodies; a whirl of iron-hard limbs—a sudden sharp shout. By a terrific wrench, the scarred wrestler heaved his opponent bodily into the air, held him there for an instant, then threw him to the ground with vim and enthusiasm. Over and over rolled the fallen man, recovering at last and striving gallantly to rise. But he was beaten. Even as he struggled to his knees, a spasm of pain puckered his aquiline face. He clutched suddenly at his right elbow, and sank down, again, shaking his head in token of surrender.
“And that’s that!” breathed Len, as the spectators shouted, and the winner threw out his mighty chest and laughed. “Unscientific, but dashed effective. Hallo, though! Come on, doc—that johnny’s hurt!”
“An’ faith, so would you be if someone dumped you like a sack o’ coals!” grunted O’Mally, as, followed by wondering glances, the stout, baldheaded Irishman shoved his way into the ring and knelt beside the loser. “Ah, dislocated elbow, is it? Bad luck, me boy, but ye fought well! Be aisy, now, I’ll soon set ye to rights!”     .
A mist of pain blurred the beaten Giant’s eyes, but with the patient fortitude so typical of his breed, he submitted to the doctor’s ministrations. O’Mally grasped his thick wrist and slid the other hand up the young man’s crooked arm. Then, with a deft jerk and twist, he clicked the dislocated joint back into its socket, and clapped the injured warrior jovially on the shoulder.
“There ye are, my son! But no more wrestlin’ for you this week.” The Irishman chuckled, and a deep grunt of approval burst from the on-looking Giants as the wrestler rose, massaging the elbow and twiddling his fingers. He smiled gravely at O’Mally; returned the doctor’s genial pat with a force that made O’Mally buckle at the knees, then stalked off out of the ring towards his hut. Instantly two more young fire-eaters stepped forth to combat. Dr. O’Mally returned hastily to his place.
“Good old sawbones! ’Nother patient for the panel,” grinned Midge, as the doctor wedged in beside him. “That’s the third joker you’ve patched up so far. You'll be building up quite a practice among the Giants if you—Hallo! Here’s the skipper back at last!”
Captain Justice, with the huge form of Buktu, the chief of the Giant warriors, towering behind him, had suddenly appeared among the natives on the other side of the ring. Without a word, the captain jerked a thumb sideways and strode away again.
In response to the signal, Midge, Len, and O’Mally quitted the circle and hastened, full of curiosity, to join their leader.
“Sorry to drag you away from the fun, lads! But I want to talk to you—Council of War! Come on over to our hut.”
Justice snapped out the words briskly when the others halted around him. There was a frown on the famous Gentleman Adventurer’s shrewd, tanned face as, with tall Buktu bringing up the rear, he led the way to the mud-and-wattle hut which the castaways occupied under the western rampart of the village.

Justice’s Challenge!
“ANYTHING wrong, sir?” asked Len anxiously, as soon as the party had settled themselves down in the shade.
Justice shook his head slowly.
“Nothing very wrong — nothing exactly right!” was the reply; and for a time the captain remained silent, gazing at the scene with pensive eyes.
From where he sat, the kraal of the Golden Giants, nestling in its upland hollow, was spread out before him; a natural fortress—fit background for its warlike inhabitants.
To his right stood the guard-huts, extending the length of the rocky rampart which overlooked the hill that ran down to the turbulent river. On the parapet itself, sentries, armed with bows and three-pronged spears, kept watch over the tumbled country beyond, ever on the look-out for their terrible tribal foes, the cannibal blacks.
Still another line of sentries paced the nearer bank of the narrow, oily brook that cut the village in twain. But these guards kept their eyes glued to the lofty, reddish-brown hill that blocked the southern end of the hollow—a gnarled mass of rock, pitted by yawning caves and holes, whence spiralled the filmy spurts of sulphur fumes. Captain Justice’s lips tightened as he stared at the “burning” hill.
For within its tunnelled depths lurked the fanatical witch-doctor of the Giants and his savage myrmidons, bitter enemies of the castaways and of Buktu and his fellow-warriors.
Four nights ago the tyrannical sorcerer and his clan—a tribe within a tribe—had made a vicious attempt to slay Midge and seize the other white strangers. They had met with crushing defeat, thanks chiefly to Captain Justice and Professor Flaznagel, and since then none had dared venture out of the cave-riddled fastness. Nevertheless, Buktu and his fighting-men were taking no more chances against such a wily and treacherous foe, who had long threatened to plunge the tribe into civil war.
But the presence of those guards along the brook gave Captain Justice small satisfaction.
“My lads, we’ve got to get out of here!” he said. “If the chance comes along, I’d like to wring that confounded witch-doctor’s neck before we go. But what we must concentrate on is getting out of this country with all speed. We want to get back to civilisation—or where we can get in touch with our friends. And, also, there is Xavier Kuponos, the scoundrel who caused all our troubles. I mean to square up with that Greek slaver one day, if I have to comb all Africa for him!"
Thus Captain Justice spoke at last, his voice grim and determined. The others, however, exchanged dubious glances.
“Gummy, that’s some programme, skipper!” retorted Midge, with a wry grin. “Here we are lost in the wilds of unknown Africa. We don’t know the road in or the way out. We haven’t any weapons or two-penn’orth of gear. And old Buck sitting there seems so dashed fond of us he won’t let us out of his sight!”
“No, it isn’t easy, Midge,” Captain Justice agreed. “All the same, it’s got to be done. As for being lost—well, for all we know, we may be reasonably near some outpost of civilisation. It’s improbable, but not impossible. Anything is possible in Africa. And that’s what I want to talk about now!
“I haven’t the foggiest idea of the location of these mountains," he went on. “I’ve travelled and flown over most of Africa, but I’m quite positive I’ve never been near this region before. We’ve seen no traces of any other white men, and it’s clear that we’re the first whites the Giants have ever met.
“As against that, we’ve had precious few chances to explore; and the Giants keep themselves severely to themselves. So what it all comes to is this: How can we be sure that no white settlements exist on, say, the other side of these mountains?
“From the climate, and so on, I’m hazarding the guess that we’re somewhere in or pretty near the Congo. And the professor agrees with me. Well, the Congo is a mighty big stretch of land, but plenty of white men are interested in it. The Belgians, French, Portuguese, and our own people, for instance—any one of them might have a trading-post much closer to us right now than we imagine.”
“My hat, I never thought of that, sir!" Len admitted. “You’re right— this land is so well guarded by jungle and mountain, so bally steep and rugged, that we’ve just sort of sat down and assumed we’re lost! By jingo,” exclaimed the youngster hopefully, “do you honestly think we might be within reasonable reach of some white man’s post?”
“How can I honestly think that?” Justice replied. “No, lad; I merely say that the slim chance exists—that we might possibly find a post, if only we could explore for one. And that,” he added, in sudden exasperation, “is the snag! We can’t explore. Buktu won’t let us!”
Irritably he snapped his fingers towards the frowning cliffs that formed the eastern wall of the hollow.
“On top there—that’s the best and highest point for a good look-see around this country!” he continued. “But will Buktu let me climb? Not he! This morning I pointed to the crest and made signs that I’d like to clamber up there, but he simply shook his head. It’s not that he’s afraid we’ll escape—he just doesn’t want me to go up!”
Justice flicked a quick, searching glance at the great chief warrior, who sat watching the castaways with quiet, intelligent eyes.
‘‘If you ask me, friend Buktu’s a trifle uneasy about those cliffs,” the captain said slowly. “There’s something up there that’s put the wind up him and the rest of the tribe!”
The comrades stared at the cliff-tops, the haunt of small brown goats, and wondered what on earth a warrior like Buktu could be nervous of up there.
“Jumpin’ jam-jars, this sounds a bit queer, skipper! Can’t you think of some way to persuade old Buck to let us go?” ventured Midge, and quivered with fresh excitement as Captain Justice nodded thought-fully.
“Ay, I’ve thought of something,” he replied, his gaze travelling on to the centre of the village, where the wrestling bouts were still in full swing. “It may not work, but I’ve got to take the risk, for I shan’t rest until I’ve seen what’s on the other side of those cliffs! So what I’m going to do,” he said, turning to his mystified companions again, “is to astonish the natives first!
“D’you remember what I said the other night—that it’s up to us, as white men, to boss these fellows, big as they are? Well, that’s what I’m aiming at still.
“We’ve already shown this tribe, warriors and witch-doctors, that we’re not quite the helpless castaways they took us for. The old professor, for one, has got them all scared with his 'magic,’ and now Buktu and the rest regard him as a bigger and more dreadful magician than the local witch-doctor. As for myself—well, you saw how the warriors answered when I called on ’em to charge and chase those painted demons back to their dens the other night.
“Well, Buktu’s lot were afraid of that tricky witch-doctor, weren’t they? But when we proved that we were men worth following they forgot to be afraid—and followed. Now they’re afraid of something on those cliff-tops. So I’m going to seize another opportunity to prove again that we’re worth following, and this time, by James, they’re going to follow me up the cliffs!
“It’s simply a question of playing on the minds of native fighting-men,” the captain went on, with a whimsical grin. “And the only way I know to impress a crowd of fighting-men, brown, white, or red, is to prove to ’em that you’re the best fighter of the lot! And that’s what I’m going to try to do now!”
In silence, Midge, O’Mally, and Len gazed at their famous leader, noting the little smile that hovered about his lips, the twinkle in his eyes. These were signs that the comrades knew of old—harbingers of some reckless, breath-taking feat to be tackled regardless of odds. Midge regarded his leader earnestly.
“But, captain,” cried the anxious youngster, “what are you going to do?”
“Come and see!” said Captain Justice calmly, and rose to his feet.
With the aid of native razors and the soap the clean-shaven Giants used, Justice had regained some of his former spruceness, which not even the patched and stained garments he wore could mar. His eyes were clear, the hollows of his tanned cheeks had filled out. There was a buoyant spring in his step as he strode across the village towards the throng of wrestlers.
His comrades trailed after him with the stately Buktu beside them.
“Bedad, I don’t like this!” O’Mally grumbled. “When Justice is on the warpath, as he is now, St. Patrick alone knows what’ll happen! ’Tis all very well tryin’ to impress a bunch o’ natives, but how on earth is he going to prove himself a better fighting-man than all those copper-coloured Carneras?”
Without a look to right or left, the captain joined the crowd of onlookers around the wrestlers, and, as it happened, a bout ended just as he arrived. Ere the next pair could sally forth, Captain Justice strode into the ring.
Silence descended immediately. The Giants frowned, laid their fingertips across their mouths, and stared, obviously wondering what the strange white man meant to do. Justice’s comrades, suddenly realising their leader’s intentions, stood petrified with horror and amazement.
“Oh, begorrah, the crazy spalpeen!” O’Mally gasped. “Bedad, I do believe he’s going to—” But before the doctor could finish, Captain Justice carried on.
With keen, cool eyes, he had sized up the Giants around him. And now, calm as ever, he strolled across to the biggest man, smiled up at him cheerfully, then slapped the warrior on his swelling chest. A startled shout arose. For that, among the Giants, was the customary challenge to combat!

Bossing the Show!
INTO the ring darted the captain’s companions, with Buktu in the lead. The chief warrior grasped Justice's arm, shaking him excitedly as, in his own guttural tongue, he uttered what was plainly meant as a warning not to be a reckless fool. It was quite apparent that the massive Hercules that Justice had challenged was the most powerful wrestler in the tribe.
“Justice! You’re demented!” O’Mally spluttered. “Ye can’t wrestle against that big horse! Begorrah, he’ll snap your neck in the first—”
With a quick movement, Captain Justice freed his arm from Buktu’s grasp and turned to the Irishman and gave him a dig in the ribs.
“Don’t worry, doc. You know I’ve handled tougher specimens than this!” he whispered. “And remember, it’s all part of the programme. We’re out to astonish the natives!” In that, Captain Justice had succeeded already. The Giants were more than astonished—they were torn between speechless amazement and admiration for the bold white man who dared tackle, their finest wrestler.
Dazed, trembling with anxiety on their leader’s behalf, O’Mally, Midge, and Len allowed themselves to be ushered back to their places. The ring was cleared. Justice stepped back, smiling; his smiling opponent swaggered in after him.
The trial by combat—Justice’s new and daring attempt to prove himself the best fighting-man there—was on!
For a few moments, amid breathless silence, both wrestlers circled warily, each weighing the other up.
Justice had stripped off his thin pyjama jacket, revealing muscles and sinews strong and supple as steel coils, as he swung his arms to and fro, and crouched slightly. Bareheaded, barefooted, he looked the picture of an athlete—a man toughened by years of adventure and hardship.
And yet the captain seemed little more than a stripling against his huge opponent.
Six feet eight in height, the Giant towered a full head and shoulders above Captain Justice, outweighing him by several stones. Midge closed his eyes as the native wrestler grinned, hunched his shoulders forward, and advanced upon the captain like a bull-mastiff about to flatten a cheeky terrier. But an instant later the boy’s eyes popped open again and remained fixed. For Captain Justice was the first to attack.
Which was surprise number one for the Giants!
Justice suddenly ducked in under the great arms extended to crush him, and hurtled on—diving low in a flying tackle that brought the Giant down with a rousing thump. There was a gasp, a shout, a yell as the white man pounced again fiercely, forcing his opponent’s head down in a snappy shoulder-lock. With a desperate heave, however, the Giant bucked him off, shooting him head over heels into the dust. Both gladiators rolled over, then sprang, cat-like, to their feet and faced each other, with chests heaving, hands held low and ready.
But Justice had secured the first fall—and the Giant had lost his smile already. He looked shocked, bewildered, angry. The strength of Justice’s grip, the white man’s tigerish speed, had blunted his self-confidence badly. Scowling, he lashed out vigorously, his massive fist sweeping through the air in a blow that should have knocked the captain senseless. Missing by a foot or more, the native snorted and bored in, seeking to squeeze his elusive foe in a bear-like hug.
But Captain Justice was not there. Again he swayed one way and sidestepped the other, catching his ponderous attacker off balance. And then, since blows as well as wrestling-holds seemed permissible among the Giants, he ducked like lightning and planted his elbow with force and precision deep in the man’s solar plexus.
A sharp grunt forced itself from the native’s lips. Then the captain gave him the other elbow, and, skipping out of reach, left his antagonist gasping, wobbling at the knees.
This was no time for love-taps or orthodox wrestling. Justice had to prove to these warlike Goliaths that he was better than their best—and it had to be done quickly! The Giant opposed to him was powerful and clever, and Justice could not afford to risk a long bout against a man of such strength.
So, giving his groggy opponent no chance to recover from those jabs in the wind, in he dived once more, banging the native wrestler down a second time with his devastating low-tackle and body-slam. Dust swirled, brawny men shouted their amazement. Midge cheered himself hoarse. The entire ring closed in, watching spellbound, while the two champions writhed, twisted, and rolled on the ground.
Again Justice tried for the crippling shoulder-lock—again he was tossed into the air. The antagonists leapt up together, dodging, ducking, clutching at each other’s arms. But the battered and bewildered Giant was all at sea now. He grew wilder, more reckless, and clumsy every minute. Casting caution to the winds, he suddenly uttered a growl of wrath, sprang forward in a terrific heap—and hurled himself at Justice like a madman.
“Gosh!” Len caught his breath. In a flash, just as the plunging Giant landed on top of him. Justice twisted his body round, low and to the right. His arms streaked up: his hands locked themselves round the native’s neck; he arched his back and heaved. Then he fell abruptly to his knees—and the champion of the Giants sailed on.
Full-tilt, the Giant was hurled into the air, shooting high over Justice’s shoulders. And his own wild rush lent him added impetus. There was a swirl of golden-brown arms and legs—a heavy thwack. Landing head-first on the ground, the Giant rolled over, relaxed, and sprawled limply—victim of one of the most shattering ju-jutsu throws ever practised.
The trial by combat was ended! Such an uproar arose then in the village of the Giants as to put all previous outbursts in the shade. After the first few seconds of stunned silence, Buktu and his henchmen gave a long-drawn yell that deafened the lean white conqueror, making him start back with narrowed, apprehensive eyes.
Just for that moment, the captain feared that he had gone too far—that, by defeating their champion so easily, he had aroused the Giants to wrath. In another moment, however, he saw that his fears were groundless. It was admiration, not anger, that blazed in the dark eyes of those tall warriors as they closed in on him.
In that heart-throbbing second of triumph Justice knew that his plan to establish himself as a worthy leader among the Giants had succeeded.
Natural athletes, worshippers of physical prowess, the fighting-men clustered round him, raising their right arms in salute, deafening him again with their deep-chested laughter and shouts of homage. A garland of dark green wax-like leaves was suddenly thrown over his shoulders, by Buktu himself. The next instant Dr. O’Mally forced his way through the press, with Midge and Lon wriggling after him.
“Captain Justice, ’tis a broth of a boy ye are, entirely!” roared the delighted Irishman, squeezing his leader’s hand numb. “By the beard of St. Patrick, ye threw that big elephant around as though he was a bag o’ feathers!”
“And you’ve got ’em now, skipper,” Midge whispered. “Look at ’em! Hark at ’em! Snakes and ladders, you’re IT as far as old Buck is concerned! Strike while the iron’s hot if you want to shin up those cliffs.” Midge was right. The Giants, after this latest display, were ready to follow him as they had followed him four nights ago when, by sheer force of personality, he had changed them from a rabble into a squad of dashing fighters. But he had to strike while the iron was hot if he wanted the chance to explore beyond the confines of the village.
Having wiped the dust and perspiration from his eyes, the captain strode across to his fallen antagonist. That humbled Giant was sitting up, shaking his head dazedly. But he summoned up a faint smile as Justice stooped and smacked him genially on the back.
That done, the shrewd white leader turned, darted a significant glance at his comrades, and walked off without another word, heading for the eastern cliffs.
At once, O’Mally, Len, and Midge hurried after him. It was a move that stilled all tumult in a second.
Giant figures grew taut; feathered heads were raised; dark brown eyes widened. Buktu stretched out a hand, but Justice, looking him straight in the face, pointed to the cliffs. The tall warrior fell back, dismay in every line of his handsome countenance. Yet he made no further attempt to check them. And Captain Justice & Co. walked on.
“Don’t look back! Take it for granted that we’re bossing the show—expecting them to follow! This is the crucial moment, lads! Either our bluff succeeds now, or it fails!”
Captain Justice whispered his orders after fifty yards had been covered in dead silence. But curiosity gained the upper hand of Midge. He had to look back, or burst! He looked back at last—and hugged himself with glee.
The Giants were following. The castaways’ bluff was a winner!

A Staggering Discovery!
LED by Buktu, a party of sombre-faced warriors were slouching forth from the village, slowly, reluctantly, like men drawn into some venture against their will. Buktu’s face was dark with worry: his feet dragged. Clearly he guessed the captain’s object, and disliked it with all his heart. But equally clear was it that the chief warrior felt too ashamed to desert such a masterful leader.
Head erect, shoulders square, the Gentleman Adventurer marched on unfalteringly to the base of the cliffs. Then he turned, eyeing the uneasy Giants coolly. Suddenly, he snapped his fingers in a single commanding gesture.
It was enough!
From every man there came a deep grunt of submission. They shed their unwillingness, and ran towards Justice like hounds at the call of the huntsman. Buktu, once having made up his mind, acted with characteristic promptness. Of his own accord he sent a score of picked men racing back for their weapons, and by the time these returned he had guided Justice & Co. to the most accessible part of the cliffs.
It was, as Midge declared, “a triumph of bluff over beef.” A few minutes later the difficult ascent commenced.
To Len and Midge, however, that climb proved far easier than it looked. For no sooner had Buktu given the word than bronzed arms whisked both youngsters off their feet. Seated astride the shoulders of their “porters,” they were carried aloft, with nothing to do save hold on tightly while the natives clambered actively up the rugged walls and along precarious goat-tracks that wound across the higher levels.
Similar assistance was offered to Captain Justice. But, with a smile, he waved the outstretched hands aside and went up alone.
Dr. O’Mally, not to be outdone, doggedly followed, sweating copiously, but putting his tremendous strength to good account. The best part of a long, hot hour it took them to reach the summit by easy stages. But for Justice & Co., at least, the effort was worth while.
All safe, they gained the flattened crest at last, and the whole party flung themselves down to rest in the shade of some rocks. When Justice regained his breath and rose eagerly to his feet again, a smile of keen satisfaction flitted across his face.
From that lofty eminence, the wilder land beyond the Land of Giantsstretched out before him like a wonderful panorama.
To the north and south, in far-flung array, rose the main chain of mountain-peaks, shining blue and gold in the sunshine, flinging up their spear-head crests as if to challenge the sky. The “burning” hill, the witchdoctor’s domain, reared its sulphur-clouded head on their left; and beyond that tumbled a high wasteland of riven rock, of steep gullies and fuming holes—a stark and sinister scar on the face of the country, left there by some titanic convulsion of Nature in ages past.
Two hundred yards from where the party stood, the narrow cliff-top ended in jagged palisades of rock, overlooking a deep ravine. But ahead the ground sloped gradually down into the mouth of a superb valley. For league upon league it ran northwards between mountains and wastelands, disappearing at length into the shimmering blue mists of distance. The river wound through it like an enormous silver-blue serpent, swollen by the rapid streams that babbled down the slopes.
At that moment, Captain Justice would have given all he possessed for a pair of binoculars or even an ancient telescope.
“By James, what a highway to the north that river makes! Wonder where the valley leads out to? Wish I’d made Flaznagel come up here,” he was murmuring to himself , when suddenly Len touched his arm.
“Look over there, skipper—what d’you make of that?” the youngster muttered. Justice, gazing in the direction to which he pointed, knitted his brows.
Between two of the gaunt palisades on the eastern brink of the cliffs towered a lofty cairn of loosely piled rocks—a rugged, strangely impressive monument. Obviously it was the work of human hands, and Justice guessed that it marked the last resting-place of some unfortunate who had met his end up here. Was this the reason for the Giants’ dislike of the uplands?
To test this theory, Justice took a few paces towards the cairn—an action that plunged his allies into fresh dismay at once. Buktu stepped in front of him, shaking his head vehemently; and then, as if to distract the captain’s attention, he jerked his trident savagely in the direction of the witchdoctor’s hill. Wheeling quickly. Justice saw a group of hideously painted figures standing motionless in the mouth of a high cave, watching the explorers intently.
Ignoring the sorcerer's men, but taking a last glance at the lonely cairn. Captain Justice led the way down the slope, picking his way carefully over the rough ground. The nearer the castaways approached to the valley entrance, the more perturbed became Buktu and company. They lagged behind, growling at each other, glaring at their distant enemies. Justice’s eyes were very alert as he changed direction suddenly.
“Steer farther over, lads—behind these rocks,” he said quietly. “There’s something mysterious up here, and I fancy we’re pretty near it, judging from Buktu’s face. In any case, we’re not risking an arrow from those jokers yonder, so—”
And then he stopped, and his voice trailed away in a hoarse, choked cry.
Captain Justice, staring blankly down the hillside, became rigid as a ramrod. O’Mally let out a wild howl and rubbed his eyes. Len’s jaw dropped, his arms slackened. Midge collapsed as suddenly as if his legs had given way.
In stricken silence, all four remained gazing down.
For at the base of the slope, a torn and twisted mass of steel, wood, and rotting fabric, sprawled the wreckage of a once-powerful aeroplane!
“A plane! By James, I—I just can’t believe it!” .
Barely had Captain Justice been so completely jolted out of his customary calm. Heedless of rocks or pitfalls, he raced down the slope. But the wreckage was there! It existed! Fighting for breath. Justice & Co. gathered round it, while Buktu and his men huddled in a bunch on the hilltop, watching their white friends with bulging eyes.
“A plane!” repeated Justice, and stepped closer to the shattered fuselage.
Originally the machine had been a large, single-seater monoplane, with a closed cockpit—a long-distance flyer, with twin auxiliary tanks installed in the tiny cabin. Now it was just a splintered wreck. The pilot, it seemed, had pancaked, tearing off the undercarriage, and after that the machine had struck a rock and turned over. The right wing jutted stiffly into the air; the left had been smashed to matchwood. Like a stricken bird, the plane lay on its side, every inch of it coated with layers of thick white dust.
“And the pilot?" whispered Midge.
Justice looked at the lad, then pointed silently to the strange cairn on the hill.
His comrades bowed their heads without a word.
Here, at last, the mystery of the uplands was solved. Len coughed, clearing his husky throat.
“No wonder Buktu’s crowd avoided this place!” he muttered. “Look at ’em now—windy as cats! I suppose they saw the crash, heard the awful din, too, and I’ll bet they’ve never been closer than they are now to the wreckage! Can’t blame ’em, either. They must have thought the end of the world had come when a great machine like this came smashing out of the sky! And then, I suppose, the poor chap who was in it managed to live long enough to drag himself up to the top, and the Giants buried him there. I wonder who he was?”
Justice stared at the right wing and fuselage. But weeks—possibly months—of tropic weather had rotted the fabric and paintwork, nearly obliterating the identification-marks.
“Well the poor beggar’s beyond our help now, I’m afraid!” he murmured grimly. “Come on! Let’s have a look round. Better hurry, too! This sun is getting too strong.”
GINGERLY the captain clambered on to the wreck, wincing every time he came into contact with hot metalwork. Midge followed, and succeeded in squeezing himself into the crumpled cockpit, half-suffocated by heat and dust. Meanwhile, Len, his hands protected by the sleeves of his pyjama-coat, took a look at what was left of the engine.
“Ah!”
Captain Justice, crawling about under the debris, uttered an exclamation of satisfaction as suddenly his fingers closed on a leather-covered notebook. It was the luckless airman’s “log," and it was written in Italian. Hastily the captain backed out to decipher the faint, hastily scrawled notes, while Midge delved deeper into the cockpit.
The first thing the youngster found was a shotgun, the butt smashed and the breech mechanism ruined. A strong, padded box containing cartridges, however, had survived the crash, as had the flyer’s binoculars, except that a lens had been chipped. Midge seized them eagerly—they were a great find! And even better was the heavy flare-pistol, secured by clips to the side of the cockpit, and still intact.
With those prizes Midge wriggled out into the open again, to find Captain Justice and O’Mally poring over the airman's log. The captain’s face was grave as he nodded to Midge.
 “Discovered the flyer’s identity!” he announced briefly. “Solved another mystery, too! The poor chap was Captain Pagolo Leoni, of the Italian Air Force—one of the two picked flyers who set out to cross from Tripoli into Italian Somaliland about nine months back. They flew into a summer storm somewhere over Nigeria, and were separated. Leoni’s comrade, got through. Nothing was ever heard of the captain again until now.”
Thoughtfully he closed the notebook, his eyes resting on the desolate cairn again.
Then he turned and ducked under the wreckage again. For several minutes he was busy there, and when he reappeared some bulky object bulged under his jacket. The others looked at him inquiringly. He merely gestured towards the hill.
“We can’t stay here any longer; it’s time to get out of the sun,” the captain said.
Slowly the castaways toiled back up the slope again, to the great relief of Buktu and the other Giants. They tramped on until their steps brought them to the foot of the cairn.
Then, inspired by the same thought, they stood to attention and saluted— a last simple tribute to a brave man.
“A gallant flyer!” murmured Captain Justice.
He turned on his heel and walked away, the wonder-stricken Giants trailing dumbly behind him.
Justice’s chief desire at the moment was to consult professor Flaznagel with all speed, for the crowded events of the morning had raised his hopes of winning back to civilisation. His position among the Giants was assured. All that remained now was to strengthen his influence over them—to persuade them to guide the castaways out of the wilderness, or, at least, to supply them with food and a canoe.
As for the astounding discovery of Captain Leoni’s plane, that was the triumph of a successful morning. The flare-pistol Midge had found constituted a weapon at last—clumsy, perhaps, but highly effective in the right hands—while the binoculars were worth their weight in gold. There were other gadgets, too, that Justice had seen, and vowed to use when the time was ripe.
Last of all, a thorough examination of the brave Italian’s log might well supply the clue as to the castaways’ own whereabouts.
Thus, as he made his way across the cliffs, preparatory to descending into the village once more, Captain Justice had plenty to think about—and to wonder, incidentally, what sort of deep experiments Professor Flaznagel was carrying out in solitude!

The results of the old professor’s experiments are going to be absolutely devastating—red-hot and explosive! White Man’s Magic that knocks the Witch-doctor’s Magic into a cocked hat!!! A Captain Justice story that MurrayRoberts has jolly good cause to be proud of!!!
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